Serum Tumor Markers for Malignancies
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Coverage rules for measurement of designated serum tumor biomarkers for workup, monitoring, surveillance, and follow-up of specific malignancies; applies to BlueCross BlueShield of Tennessee members and their providers.
Adjusted terminology from 'serum tumor markers' to 'serum biomarkers' to broaden definition.
Removed 'during treatment, surveillance' from indications for alkaline phosphatase (ALP) testing for bone neoplasms and added 'Melanoma (uveal)' as an indication for ALP.
Changed Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG) title to 'Chorionic gonadotropin beta polypeptide (CGB3)' and adjusted site language for occult primary from 'testes presenting with' to 'mediastinum or'.
Moved BNP/NT-proBNP indications related to systemic light chain amyloidosis and initial diagnostic workup into a separate section with Troponin T.
For CA 19-9, removed 'assessing disease prognosis; monitoring/follow-up for response' from Occult primary indications and added monitoring/follow-up indications for several ovarian tumor types.
For CA-125, added 'initial evaluation/workup' to Occult primary indications and added 'additional workup/surveillance' for uterine neoplasms.
Added Occult primary and workup indication for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA).
Added a new section for Human epididymis protein 4 (HE4) with indications for ovarian and related cancers' workup and monitoring.
Removed adrenocortical carcinoma and its 'workup' indication from Inhibin (INHA); added 'Occult primary' with indications for additional workup for adenocarcinoma or carcinoma NOS.
Removed the entire section on Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from the biomarker table.
Under Serum free light chains, added 'Castleman disease' indication for workup and added 'follow-up' to Multiple myeloma.
Added CPT codes 0558U and 0559U (effective 7/1/2025) to the coding table.
Removed CPT code 83615 from the coding table.
Coverage Criteria — Serum Biomarkers
Covered indications (marker-specific)
Measurement of designated serum biomarkers MEETS COVERAGE CRITERIA for the following tumor- and disease-specific indications when used for diagnostic workup, monitoring, surveillance, or post‑treatment follow-up as specified below.
See policy table and revision history for full per-marker indications and recent updates.
Surveillance intervals for malignant germ cell tumors and testicular cancers described in policy (see monitoring frequency nodes).
Refer to full biomarker table for complete per-test indication lists and site-specific notes.
Monitoring frequency
Frequency guidance (default and specified exceptions):
Policy lists more frequent intervals for some tumor types.
Use tumor-specific rows in the biomarker table to determine the allowed monitoring interval for a given marker and indication.
Follow the per-marker and per‑histology guidance in the policy table for precise scheduling.
Not medically necessary / Not covered
Not medically necessary / Not covered uses (explicit exclusions):
These uses DO NOT MEET COVERAGE CRITERIA and may be denied. Additionally, biomarkers and uses removed from the table (e.g., LDH) are excluded from coverage under this policy.
Covered indications (table-concordant)
Covered when the test order and documented clinical indication match an entry in the updated serum biomarkers table (workup, initial evaluation, monitoring/follow‑up, or occult primary as specified per biomarker).
Testing that does not align with the table entries (including previously listed markers removed from the table such as LDH) may be denied.
Refer to the biomarker table and revision history for complete marker‑by‑marker allowed indications and timing.
Analysis of proteomic patterns in serum for screening and detection of cancer is not covered. The policy states that analysis of proteomic patterns in serum for the screening and detection of cancer DOES NOT MEET COVERAGE CRITERIA due to insufficient published evidence supporting clinical benefit.
Procedure and proprietary test codes listed in this medical policy are provided only as a general reference. They may not be exhaustive or reflect all codes applicable to a given claim; providers should verify coding requirements with payor billing rules and benefit documentation.
The Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) section was removed from the biomarker table in the revision history. Accordingly, LDH testing is excluded from this serum biomarker designation and is not addressed as a covered serum tumor biomarker in this policy.
Use of the listed serum tumor biomarkers for cancer indications not discussed in this policy, and any other serum tumor markers not addressed in the policy, are considered not medically necessary and DO NOT MEET COVERAGE CRITERIA.
Testing or uses of biomarkers that fall outside the indications listed in the revised serum biomarkers table — including uses previously listed but now removed — may be considered not medically necessary and could be denied if the documented indication does not align with the updated table.
Marker- and Disease-Specific Covered Indications
Multiple tumor-specific covered indications listed
Multiple tumor-specific covered indications with marker‑by‑marker surveillance intervals and contexts (selected entries and examples):
Follow the policy table for tumor‑specific variant frequency and context.
HE4 added as a separate table row with concordant ovarian indications per recent revision.
Use the specific cancer row to determine the allowed surveillance cadence.
Refer to the hematologic disease rows for test‑specific monitoring schedules.
See table revisions for ALP and other updated entries.
Occult primary, initial evaluation/workup, monitoring/follow-up, and disease-specific workup
Occult primary, initial evaluation/workup, monitoring/follow‑up, and certain disease‑specific workups — marker examples and contexts:
CA‑125 has been updated to include 'initial evaluation/workup' for occult primary in individuals with a uterus and/or ovaries present.
Use the table row for each biomarker to identify whether 'initial diagnostic workup' is a covered indication.
Document the clinical indication on the order to align with the table entry to support coverage.
Recent revisions explicitly added Castleman disease as an indication for serum free light chains.
Permitted Testing Frequencies and Surveillance Intervals
Procedure, Proprietary, and CPT/HCPCS Codes
| 81479 | Unlisted molecular pathology procedure. |
| 81599 | Unlisted multianalyte assay with algorithmic analysis. |
| 82105 | Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP); serum. |
| 82107 | Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP); AFP-L3 fraction isoform and total AFP (including ratio). |
| 82232 | Beta-2 microglobulin. |
| 82308 | Calcitonin. |
| 82378 | Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). |
| 83520 | Immunoassay for analyte other than infectious agent antibody or infectious agent antigen; quantitative, not otherwise specified. |
| 83521 | Immunoglobulin light chains (ie, kappa, lambda), free, each. |
| 83789 | Mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry (eg, MS, MS/MS, MALDI, MS- TOF, QTOF), non-drug analyte(s) not elsewhere specified, qualitative or quantitative, each specimen. |
| 83880 | Natriuretic peptide. |
| 83950 | Oncoprotein; HER-2/neu. |
| 83951 | Oncoprotein; des-gamma-carboxy-prothrombin (DCP). |
| 84075 | Phosphatase, alkaline. |
| 84078 | Phosphatase, alkaline; heat stable (total not included). |
| 84080 | Phosphatase, alkaline; isoenzymes. |
| 84484 | Troponin, quantitative. |
| 84702 | Gonadotropin, chorionic (hCG); quantitative. |
| 0003U | Oncology (ovarian) biochemical assays of five proteins, algorithm reported as a likelihood score (OVA1 Next Generation). |
| 0092U | Oncology (lung), three protein biomarkers, immunoassay using magnetic nanosensor technology, algorithm reported as risk score (REVEAL Lung Nodule Characterization). |
| 0163U | Oncology (colorectal) screening, ELISA of 3 plasma or serum proteins with demographic data, proprietary algorithm reported as likelihood of CRC or advanced adenomas. |
| 83521 | Immunoglobulin light chains (ie, kappa, lambda), free, each. |
| 83789 | Mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry (eg, MS, MS/MS, MALDI, MS- TOF, QTOF), non-drug analyte(s) not elsewhere specified, qualitative or quantitative, each specimen. |
| 83880 | Natriuretic peptide. |
| 83950 | Oncoprotein; HER-2/neu. |
| 83951 | Oncoprotein; des-gamma-carboxy-prothrombin (DCP). |
| 84075 | Phosphatase, alkaline. |
| 84078 | Phosphatase, alkaline; heat stable (total not included). |
| 84080 | Phosphatase, alkaline; isoenzymes. |
| 84484 | Troponin, quantitative. |
| 84702 | Gonadotropin, chorionic (hCG); quantitative. |
| 0092U | Oncology (lung), three protein biomarkers, immunoassay using magnetic nanosensor technology, algorithm reported as risk score for likelihood of malignancy (Proprietary test: REVEAL Lung Nodule Characterization). |
| 0163U | Oncology (colorectal) screening, biochemical ELISA of 3 plasma or serum proteins with demographic data using a proprietary algorithm reported as likelihood of CRC or advanced adenomas. |
| 0404U | Proprietary test: BeScreened™ -CRC. |
| 0558U | Oncology (colorectal), quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for secreted colorectal cancer protein marker (BF7 antigen), using serum, result reported as indicative of response/no response to therapy or disease progression/regression (Proprietary test: IGoCheckTM). |
| 0559U | Oncology (breast), quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for secreted breast cancer protein marker (BF9 antigen), serum, result reported as indicative of response/no response to therapy or disease progression/regression (Proprietary test: Haystack MRDTM Baseline). |
| G0327 | Colorectal cancer screening; blood-based biomarker. |
Provider Actions and Documentation Requirements
Benefit verification required
Verify the member's benefit coverage and any applicable Medicare/Medicaid rules at the time of the request; coverage determination depends on the individual's benefits and government policies referenced in the Applicable State and Federal Regulations section.
Procedure and proprietary test codes (reference only)
Procedure and proprietary test CPT/HCPCS codes listed in the policy are provided for reference; the policy lists multiple codes (see coding tables) but does not state explicit prior authorization requirements in this section.
Order tests per policy indications and frequency
Follow policy-specified indications and frequency guidance when ordering tests; ensure orders are consistent with the marker-specific coverage entries in the policy table.
Align testing and documentation to updated biomarker table
When ordering or reporting biomarkers, reference the updated biomarker table for allowed indications (workup, initial evaluation, monitoring/follow-up, occult primary) and align documentation to those table entries.
Operational note — coding and order documentation
Ensure laboratory tests are performed and reported in accordance with the policy's laboratory and coding guidance and that orders reflect clinical context supporting covered indications.
- Use codes listed in the policy as a reference; they may not be exhaustive.
- Include clinical indication on the order to match table-concordant use.
Regulatory precedence — government policy supersedes
If there is a conflict between this policy and any applicable government policy (e.g., LCD/NCD or state Medicaid), the government policy supersedes; providers should consult the Medicare Coverage Database or applicable state Medicaid site for current rules.
- Medicare policies: https://www.cms.gov/medicarecoverage-database/search.aspx
- Check applicable state Medicaid websites for state-specific rules.
Document specific clinical indication on orders
Include the specific clinical indication on the order that matches an entry in the updated serum biomarker table (e.g., occult primary, initial workup, monitoring/follow-up, Castleman disease for serum free light chains).
- Document whether the test is for workup, initial evaluation, monitoring/follow-up, surveillance, or specific disease workup.
Noncovered uses — risk of denial
Ordering biomarkers for cancer indications not discussed in the policy, or using serum tumor markers not addressed in the policy, does not meet coverage criteria and may result in a denial.
- Analysis of proteomic patterns in serum for cancer screening/detection also does not meet coverage criteria.
Codes listed for reference only — verify coverage
Procedure and proprietary test codes shown in the policy are provided as a general reference and do not imply coverage; they may not be all‑inclusive and do not replace benefit verification.
- Codes listed include CPT/HCPCS and proprietary algorithm codes; verify coverage for each code with benefits prior to ordering.
Coverage is tied to table indications — out-of-table testing risks denial
Testing performed for indications outside the updated biomarker table (for example, LDH testing which was removed) may be considered not medically necessary and subject to denial.
- LDH section was removed from the biomarker table and is excluded from this designation.
Ordering and Documentation Requirements
Verify benefits and applicable government policies before ordering
Coverage determination must align with the member's benefit coverage and any applicable government (Medicare/Medicaid) policies; providers should verify benefits and applicable government rules prior to ordering.
Include clinical-indication documentation on orders
Include documentation of the clinical indication on the order consistent with the biomarker table entries (e.g., workup, initial evaluation, monitoring/follow-up) to support medical necessity.
Not Covered — Exclusions
NOT COVERED: Proteomic pattern analysis in serum for screening/detection of cancer is explicitly stated as not meeting coverage criteria and therefore is not covered by this policy.
NOT COVERED: Following the table revision, the policy removed the Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) section; as a result, LDH is not covered as a serum tumor biomarker under this policy.
Background
BACKGROUND: Circulating tumor biomarkers are substances detectable in body fluids (typically blood) that are produced by tumors or by the body in response to a tumor. They can assist in detection, diagnosis, staging, and management for certain malignancies, and this policy bases its coverage framework on biomarker-specific indications and frequency guidance consistent with guideline sources such as the NCCN Biomarkers Compendium.
Definitions and Test Types
Revision History and Policy Changes
Reviewed and updated background, guidelines, recommendations, and evidence references; changed policy terminology from 'Serum Tumor Markers' to 'Serum Biomarkers' and adjusted table title and notes to broaden designation of included markers.
Updated multiple biomarker table entries: ALP indications revised (removed 'during treatment, surveillance' for bone neoplasms; added 'Melanoma (uveal)' for workup), CGB3 (beta-HCG) retitled and occult primary site language changed, BNP/NT-proBNP diagnostic indications moved to a Troponin T section, and CA-125/CA 19-9/CEA indications modified per tumor type.
Added a new HE4 section with indications for ovarian and related cancers (initial workup, monitoring/follow-up) and added Castleman disease and follow-up indications under Serum free light chains.
Removed the Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) section from the biomarker table and removed CPT code 83615 from the coding table.
Added new CPT codes 0558U and 0559U (effective 2025-07-01) to the coding table.
Additional background detail: the policy updated terminology from 'serum tumor markers' to serum biomarkers to encompass serum-related markers more accurately described as biomarkers, and revisions include additions and removals of specific biomarker indications based on the most recent evidence and guideline guidance.
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