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    v1.0.30
    OpenPayerBilling CodesBone/Joint StudiesCPT cpt-77081-dual-energy-dxa-bone-mineral-density
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    CPT 77081: Dual Energy X‑Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) for BMD

    Medicare pays $22 on average nationally for this procedure.

    CPT code 77081 describes dual energy X‑ray absorptiometry (DXA) used to measure bone mineral density (BMD) and quantify mineral content of bone; the service is an imaging diagnostic test performed by qualified providers using a DXA scanner, typically provided as an outpatient diagnostic radiology procedure in an imaging center or hospital radiology department.

    For related coverage guidance, see recent payer policy updates: Clinical Review Criteria Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring (IONM), Remote Electrical Neuromodulation for Migraines (i.e., Nerivio®), Lumbar Microdiscectomy.

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    Table of contents

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    Clinical & Coding Specifications

    Clinical Context

    A 68-year-old woman with a history of postmenopausal osteoporosis and a recent low-trauma wrist fracture is referred by her primary care physician for bone mineral density assessment. The patient arrives at an outpatient radiology center where a certified radiologic technologist performs a 77081 dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan of the lumbar spine and hip. The technologist confirms patient identity, reviews contraindications (e.g., recent contrast studies, pregnancy), positions the patient supine on the DXA table, and acquires scans according to facility protocol. Images are sent to the interpreting clinician—typically a radiologist, endocrinologist, or rheumatologist—who performs the professional component interpretation and documents absolute BMD values, T-scores, and comparison to prior studies if available. The report is transmitted to the referring provider and the medical record, and results are used to guide osteoporosis management decisions such as pharmacotherapy initiation or monitoring response to treatment.

    Related CPT Codes

    CPT CodeDescriptionRelationship to This Procedure
    77078Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), peripheral site (e.g., radius, heel)Peripheral DXA is an alternative or adjunct to central DXA (77081) when central scanning is unavailable or for screening at peripheral sites.
    70336Bone density study, ultrasound, heelAn alternative bone density modality sometimes used for screening; not a substitute for central DXA in diagnostic decisions.
    77082Vertebral fracture assessment (VFA) by DXAOften performed at the time of DXA to detect vertebral compression fractures and complements 77081 results.
    99070Supplies and materials (used during the procedure)Used by facilities to bill for additional nonstandard supplies used during the DXA encounter, when permitted by payer policy.
    99406Smoking cessation counseling (intermediate)Clinical counseling codes may be used by ordering clinicians when risk-modifying interventions are provided in follow-up to osteoporosis diagnosis.

    Related Modifiers

    8 rows

    ModifierDescriptionWhen to Use
    26Modifier 26 (Professional Component) identifies and bills only the professional portion of a split service — the physician’s interpretation, report, and medical judgment — when the technical…- Use CPT Modifier -26 when you are billing only the professional component (PC) of a split‑bill eligible service—i.e., you performed the physician interpretation, medical judgment and prepared a…
    50Modifier –50 (Bilateral Procedure) is appended to a CPT code when an identical procedure is performed on paired anatomical structures during the same operative session. The AMA states to add…- Use modifier -50 when the same CPT surgical, diagnostic, or radiology procedure is performed on paired anatomical structures (both sides of the body) during the same operative/session by the same…
    59Modifier 59 indicates a distinct procedural service when two procedures that are not normally billed together are clinically and procedurally separate. The CPT definition (as reiterated by CMS)…- Use modifier -59 to report a distinct procedural service when documentation supports that the procedure reported is not normally billed together with another service on the same day because of a…
    76Modifier -76, Repeat Procedure or Service by Same Physician or Other Qualified Health Care Professional, is appended when the same provider performs an identical, medically necessary procedure or…- Use modifier -76 when the same physician or other qualified health care professional performs an identical procedure or service a second (or subsequent) time on the same date of service and the…
    77Modifier 77 indicates that a previously performed procedure or service was legitimately repeated by a different physician or other qualified health care professional. The AMA’s CPT definition…- Use modifier 77 when a basic procedure or service already performed is repeated by a different physician or other qualified health care professional (for example, a second provider independently…
    52Modifier ‑52 (Reduced Services) indicates that a service or procedure was partially reduced or omitted at the provider’s discretion, allowing reporting of the basic procedure number with a qualifier…- Use modifier -52 when a physician or qualified health professional electively reduces or omits part of a procedure or service (for example, performing fewer required views or omitting a portion of…
    53Modifier 53 (Discontinued Procedure) signals that a surgical or diagnostic service was begun by the physician but terminated because of extenuating circumstances that threatened the patient’s…- Use modifier -53 when a physician/qualified healthcare professional has started a surgical or diagnostic procedure (e.g., anesthesia administered, incision or scope insertion) and then discontinues…
    22Modifier –22 (Increased Procedural Services) is used when a reported procedure is substantially more extensive than normally required. The CPT Manual and CMS state it may be appended only when the…- When to use: Append modifier -22 to a procedural CPT code when the service performed is substantially more extensive than the usual service described by that code — i.e., the procedure required…

    Related Provider Taxonomies

    8 rows

    Taxonomy Code
    207RH0000X
    207K00000X
    2865C1500X
    367500000X
    3416A0800X
    2278S1500X
    156F00000X
    2080B0002X

    Related ICD-10-CM Codes

    21 rows

    ICD-10-CM CodeDescription
    E03.9Hypothyroidism, unspecified
    E23.0Hypopituitarism
    E83.50Unspecified disorder of calcium metabolism
    E83.51Hypocalcemia
    E83.52Hypercalcemia
    E89.2Postprocedural hypoparathyroidism
    M05.79Rheumatoid arthritis with rheumatoid factor of multiple sites without organ or systems involvement
    M48.02Spinal stenosis, cervical region
    M75.50Bursitis of unspecified shoulder
    M81.0Age-related osteoporosis without current pathological fracture

    Showing 1–10 of 21

    Related Payer Policy Updates

    Specialty: Neurology/Neurosurgery1 / 3

    10 rows

    PolicyPayerEffective Date
    Clinical Review Criteria Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring (IONM)Kaiser Permanente2027-01-01
    Remote Electrical Neuromodulation for Migraines (i.e., Nerivio®)bcbsvermont2026-11-01
    Lumbar Microdiscectomyuniverahealthcare2026-10-15
    Artificial Cervical Intervertebral Discuniverahealthcare2026-10-15
    Lumbar Decompressionuniverahealthcare2026-10-15
    Responsive Neurostimulation for Focal EpilepsyPremera Bluecross2026-10-14
    Intraoperative MonitoringProvidence Health Plan2026-10-01
    Intraoperative MonitoringProvidence Health Plan2026-10-01
    High-Intensity Focused UltrasoundMass General Brigham Health Plan2026-10-01
    Vagal Nerve StimulationAmbetter Nevada2026-10-01

    Related Codes

    CPT-77071-JOINT-RADIOGRAPHIC-STRESS-VIEWS

    CPT 77071: Stress Radiographic Views of a Joint

    CPT-77072-SKELETAL-MATURITY-XRAY-HAND-WRIST

    CPT 77072: Skeletal Maturity (Bone Age) X‑ray

    CPT-77073-LOWER-EXTREMITY-LEG-LENGTH-MEASUREMENT

    CPT 77073: Lower Extremity Imaging for Leg Length Measurement

    CPT-77074-SKELETAL-RADIOGRAPHIC-SERIES-EVALUATION-OF-METASTATIC-DISEASE

    CPT 77074: Skeletal Survey for Evaluation of Bone Disease

    CPT-77075-WHOLE-BODY-SKELETAL-RADIOGRAPHY

    CPT 77075: Skeletal Survey for Metastatic Evaluation

    CPT-77076-INFANT-SKELETAL-XRAY

    CPT 77076: Infant Skeletal Radiography

    CPT-77077-JOINT-SURVEY-SINGLE-VIEW-PER-JOINT

    CPT 77077: Joint Survey, Single View per Joint

    CPT-77078-CT-BONE-DENSITY-AND-STRUCTURE-STUDY

    CPT 77078: CT Bone Density and Bone Mass Assessment

    CPT-77080-DXA-BONE-DENSITY-TRUNK

    CPT 77080: DXA Trunk Bone Mineral Density Measurement

    CPT-77084-MRI-BONE-MARROW-PERFUSION-EVALUATION

    CPT 77084: MRI Evaluation of Bone Marrow Perfusion

    Showing 1–10 of 16

    Frequently Asked Questions

    References

    1. 1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.Maintains the CPT code set's official descriptions and guidelines, licensed from the American Medical Association, used as the definitional source for CPT codes on this page.
    2. 2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's quarterly release of HCPCS Level II codes and short/long descriptors, the source for HCPCS code definitions and update history.
    3. 3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's complete ICD-10-CM diagnosis code list, used to cross-reference diagnosis codes associated with this procedure or service.
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