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    v1.0.30
    OpenPayerBilling CodesBone/Joint StudiesCPT cpt-77078-ct-bone-density-and-structure-study
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    CPT 77078: CT Bone Density and Bone Mass Assessment

    Medicare pays $69 on average nationally for this procedure.

    CPT code 77078 describes a computed tomography (CT) study of the bones used to produce 2D and 3D cross-sectional images for assessment of bone mass and density in conditions such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, and renal osteodystrophy; service type: diagnostic CT bone density/assessment; typical site of service: outpatient imaging center or hospital radiology department.

    For related coverage guidance, see recent payer policy updates: Clinical Review Criteria Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring (IONM), Remote Electrical Neuromodulation for Migraines (i.e., Nerivio®), Lumbar Microdiscectomy.

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    Table of contents

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    Clinical & Coding Specifications

    Clinical Context

    A 68-year-old female with progressive height loss and a history of fragility wrist fracture is referred by her primary care physician for evaluation of bone density. She reports chronic back pain and risk factors for osteoporosis including long-term corticosteroid therapy for polymyalgia rheumatica. The imaging center schedules a quantitative CT bone densitometry study to assess vertebral and hip bone mineral density and to evaluate for osteopenia or osteoporosis.

    The clinical workflow: the patient arrives at the outpatient radiology clinic, screening for contraindications is completed, relevant history and medication list are confirmed, and informed consent for imaging is obtained. A CT technologist performs the bone-specific CT acquisition per protocol (calibration phantom when required) and acquires axial images of the lumbar spine and/or hips. Images are processed to generate bone mineral density measurements and T-scores/Z-scores. A radiologist interprets the study and issues a final report with measured values and comparison to prior studies if available. Results are routed to the referring clinician for management decisions.

    Related CPT Codes

    CPT CodeDescriptionRelationship to This Procedure
    77078Computed tomography, bone density, single energy CT for bone mineral density (BMD) assessmentPrimary code for quantitative CT bone densitometry to evaluate bone mass/density.
    72148Computed tomography, pelvis; without contrast material, followed by further sequencesPerformed when pelvic/hip CT is required in conjunction with bone density assessment for hip BMD or fracture evaluation.
    72131Magnetic resonance imaging, lumbar spine, without contrastAlternative or complementary modality when vertebral structural detail or marrow pathology is needed in addition to BMD.
    77080Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) bone density study, 1 or more sites, axial skeletonCommonly performed instead of or alongside CT BMD; DXA is the standard BMD screening test.
    71110Radiologic examination, chest, single view, frontalMay be performed in the same patient encounter for clinical assessment when indicated (e.g., trauma assessment).

    Related Modifiers

    7 rows

    ModifierDescriptionWhen to Use
    26Modifier 26 (Professional Component) identifies and bills only the professional portion of a split service — the physician’s interpretation, report, and medical judgment — when the technical…- Use CPT Modifier -26 when you are billing only the professional component (PC) of a split‑bill eligible service—i.e., you performed the physician interpretation, medical judgment and prepared a…
    52Modifier ‑52 (Reduced Services) indicates that a service or procedure was partially reduced or omitted at the provider’s discretion, allowing reporting of the basic procedure number with a qualifier…- Use modifier -52 when a physician or qualified health professional electively reduces or omits part of a procedure or service (for example, performing fewer required views or omitting a portion of…
    53Modifier 53 (Discontinued Procedure) signals that a surgical or diagnostic service was begun by the physician but terminated because of extenuating circumstances that threatened the patient’s…- Use modifier -53 when a physician/qualified healthcare professional has started a surgical or diagnostic procedure (e.g., anesthesia administered, incision or scope insertion) and then discontinues…
    59Modifier 59 indicates a distinct procedural service when two procedures that are not normally billed together are clinically and procedurally separate. The CPT definition (as reiterated by CMS)…- Use modifier -59 to report a distinct procedural service when documentation supports that the procedure reported is not normally billed together with another service on the same day because of a…
    77Modifier 77 indicates that a previously performed procedure or service was legitimately repeated by a different physician or other qualified health care professional. The AMA’s CPT definition…- Use modifier 77 when a basic procedure or service already performed is repeated by a different physician or other qualified health care professional (for example, a second provider independently…
    78CPT modifier -78 indicates an unplanned, related return to the operating or procedure room by the same provider during the global postoperative period. It is appended when treatment for a…- Use modifier -78 when an unplanned, related complication during the original procedure’s global postoperative period requires the patient to return to a formal operating or procedure room and the…
    80CPT® Modifier 80 (Assistant Surgeon) is appended to a surgical CPT code when a physician (MD or DO) provides full, continuous assistance throughout the operative procedure. It is intended only for…- Use CPT Modifier -80 when a physician (MD or DO) serves as an assistant surgeon and provides full, continuous assistance throughout the entire operative procedure; append -80 to the surgical CPT…

    Related Provider Taxonomies

    8 rows

    Taxonomy Code
    363L00000X
    332B00000X
    222Z00000X
    204D00000X
    344600000X
    225CX0006X
    163WS0121X
    2083A0100X

    Related ICD-10-CM Codes

    21 rows

    ICD-10-CM CodeDescription
    C79.51Secondary malignant neoplasm of bone
    E83.31Familial hypophosphatemia
    M16.11Unilateral primary osteoarthritis, right hip
    M17.11Unilateral primary osteoarthritis, right knee
    M25.50Pain in unspecified joint
    M25.551Pain in right hip
    M25.561Pain in right knee
    M48.07Spinal stenosis, lumbosacral region
    M77.9Enthesopathy, unspecified
    M80.00XAAge-related osteoporosis with current pathological fracture, unspecified site, initial encounter for fracture

    Showing 1–10 of 21

    Related Payer Policy Updates

    Specialty: Neurology/Neurosurgery1 / 3

    10 rows

    PolicyPayerEffective Date
    Clinical Review Criteria Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring (IONM)Kaiser Permanente2027-01-01
    Remote Electrical Neuromodulation for Migraines (i.e., Nerivio®)bcbsvermont2026-11-01
    Lumbar Microdiscectomyuniverahealthcare2026-10-15
    Artificial Cervical Intervertebral Discuniverahealthcare2026-10-15
    Lumbar Decompressionuniverahealthcare2026-10-15
    Responsive Neurostimulation for Focal EpilepsyPremera Bluecross2026-10-14
    Intraoperative MonitoringProvidence Health Plan2026-10-01
    Intraoperative MonitoringProvidence Health Plan2026-10-01
    High-Intensity Focused UltrasoundMass General Brigham Health Plan2026-10-01
    Vagal Nerve StimulationAmbetter Nevada2026-10-01

    Related Codes

    CPT-77071-JOINT-RADIOGRAPHIC-STRESS-VIEWS

    CPT 77071: Stress Radiographic Views of a Joint

    CPT-77072-SKELETAL-MATURITY-XRAY-HAND-WRIST

    CPT 77072: Skeletal Maturity (Bone Age) X‑ray

    CPT-77073-LOWER-EXTREMITY-LEG-LENGTH-MEASUREMENT

    CPT 77073: Lower Extremity Imaging for Leg Length Measurement

    CPT-77074-SKELETAL-RADIOGRAPHIC-SERIES-EVALUATION-OF-METASTATIC-DISEASE

    CPT 77074: Skeletal Survey for Evaluation of Bone Disease

    CPT-77075-WHOLE-BODY-SKELETAL-RADIOGRAPHY

    CPT 77075: Skeletal Survey for Metastatic Evaluation

    CPT-77076-INFANT-SKELETAL-XRAY

    CPT 77076: Infant Skeletal Radiography

    CPT-77077-JOINT-SURVEY-SINGLE-VIEW-PER-JOINT

    CPT 77077: Joint Survey, Single View per Joint

    CPT-77080-DXA-BONE-DENSITY-TRUNK

    CPT 77080: DXA Trunk Bone Mineral Density Measurement

    CPT-77081-DUAL-ENERGY-DXA-BONE-MINERAL-DENSITY

    CPT 77081: Dual Energy X‑Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) for BMD

    CPT-77084-MRI-BONE-MARROW-PERFUSION-EVALUATION

    CPT 77084: MRI Evaluation of Bone Marrow Perfusion

    Showing 1–10 of 16

    Frequently Asked Questions

    References

    1. 1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.Maintains the CPT code set's official descriptions and guidelines, licensed from the American Medical Association, used as the definitional source for CPT codes on this page.
    2. 2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's quarterly release of HCPCS Level II codes and short/long descriptors, the source for HCPCS code definitions and update history.
    3. 3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's complete ICD-10-CM diagnosis code list, used to cross-reference diagnosis codes associated with this procedure or service.
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