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    v1.0.31
    OpenPayerBilling CodesEndoscopy Procedures on the RectumCPT cpt-45389-colonoscopy-endoscopic-stent-placement
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    CPT 45389: Flexible Colonoscopy with Endoscopic Stent Placement

    Medicare pays $258 on average nationally for this procedure.

    CPT code 45389 describes a flexible colonoscopy with endoscopic placement of an intraluminal stent, a therapeutic lower gastrointestinal endoscopic procedure performed using an endoscope to deploy a stent at a colonic obstruction site; the service type is a therapeutic endoscopic procedure and the typical site of service is an endoscopy suite or hospital outpatient department.

    For related coverage guidance, see recent payer policy updates: Achalasia and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) - Minimally Invasive Procedures - Medical Policy, Esophageal Brush Biopsy, Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Field Stimulation for Functional Abdominal Pain Disorders.

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    Clinical & Coding Specifications

    Clinical Context

    A 68-year-old patient with a symptomatic malignant colonic obstruction presents with progressive abdominal pain, distension, and obstipation. Imaging (CT abdomen/pelvis) demonstrates a short-segment obstructing lesion of the left colon with proximal dilatation. The colorectal surgery and interventional gastroenterology teams coordinate care. The patient is brought to the endoscopy suite and undergoes conscious sedation or monitored anesthesia care. During a flexible colonoscopic procedure, the endoscopist evaluates the obstructing lesion, negotiates a guide wire across the stricture if possible, and deploys an enteric stent through the endoscope to relieve obstruction. Dilation of the stricture before or after stent placement may be performed when clinically indicated. The procedure is documented to include scope insertion and withdrawal, visualization of the lesion, device insertion and deployment, confirmation of stent position (endoscopic and fluoroscopic), and any immediate complications. Typical sites of service are the hospital inpatient setting or ambulatory endoscopy suite. Billing uses 45389 for flexible colonoscopy with stent placement, and appropriate anesthesia, imaging, and supply charges are reported separately when applicable.

    Related CPT Codes

    CPT CodeDescriptionRelationship to This Procedure
    45378Colonoscopy, flexible; diagnostic, including collection of specimen(s) by brushing or washing, when performed (separate procedure)Often performed for diagnostic evaluation before stent placement or when no therapeutic intervention beyond stent is performed.
    45380Colonoscopy with biopsy, single or multipleBiopsy of colonic lesion may be performed during the same session to obtain histologic diagnosis prior to or during stent placement.
    45385Colonoscopy with directed submucosal injection, any substanceTherapeutic injections are occasionally performed for palliation or hemostasis in conjunction with stent placement.
    74220Radiologic examination, lower gastrointestinal tract, contrast enema, single contrastPreprocedural or postoperative imaging may be used in some workflows to assess obstruction; reported by radiology when performed.
    76000Fluoroscopic guidance (for example, during stent deployment) — generalFluoroscopy used to guide stent deployment is billed by the radiology or anesthesia team when applicable.

    Related Modifiers

    8 rows

    ModifierDescriptionWhen to Use
    59Modifier 59 indicates a distinct procedural service when two procedures that are not normally billed together are clinically and procedurally separate. The CPT definition (as reiterated by CMS)…- Use modifier -59 to report a distinct procedural service when documentation supports that the procedure reported is not normally billed together with another service on the same day because of a…
    62Modifier 62 indicates that two surgeons function as co‑surgeons, each performing distinct parts of the same primary surgical procedure. It is appended to the primary procedure code (and any…- Use modifier -62 when two surgeons act as co‑surgeons (both primary surgeons) on a single definitive primary procedure, each performing distinct parts of the same surgical procedure (append -62 to…
    63Modifier‑63 is appended to surgical CPT codes (20000–69990) when a procedure is performed on a neonate or infant weighing ≤ 4 kg (about 8.8 lbs). The AMA/AAPC definition specifies this use and notes…- Use modifier -63 only for surgical procedures in the CPT 20000–69990 series performed on a neonate or infant who weighs ≤ 4 kg at the time of the procedure; it indicates increased complexity due to…
    73Modifier 73 indicates a facility-level outpatient hospital or ASC procedure that was discontinued after the patient was prepared and taken to the procedure/operating room but before any anesthesia…- When to use: Apply CPT modifier 73 on the FACILITY (outpatient hospital or ASC) claim when the patient has been fully prepared and physically taken into the procedure/operating room but the…
    78CPT modifier -78 indicates an unplanned, related return to the operating or procedure room by the same provider during the global postoperative period. It is appended when treatment for a…- Use modifier -78 when an unplanned, related complication during the original procedure’s global postoperative period requires the patient to return to a formal operating or procedure room and the…
    52Modifier ‑52 (Reduced Services) indicates that a service or procedure was partially reduced or omitted at the provider’s discretion, allowing reporting of the basic procedure number with a qualifier…- Use modifier -52 when a physician or qualified health professional electively reduces or omits part of a procedure or service (for example, performing fewer required views or omitting a portion of…
    53Modifier 53 (Discontinued Procedure) signals that a surgical or diagnostic service was begun by the physician but terminated because of extenuating circumstances that threatened the patient’s…- Use modifier -53 when a physician/qualified healthcare professional has started a surgical or diagnostic procedure (e.g., anesthesia administered, incision or scope insertion) and then discontinues…
    76Modifier -76, Repeat Procedure or Service by Same Physician or Other Qualified Health Care Professional, is appended when the same provider performs an identical, medically necessary procedure or…- Use modifier -76 when the same physician or other qualified health care professional performs an identical procedure or service a second (or subsequent) time on the same date of service and the…

    Related Provider Taxonomies

    8 rows

    Taxonomy Code
    207RC0000X
    208000000X
    207L00000X
    225XG0600X
    163WW0000X
    111N00000X
    2251E1200X
    174200000X

    Related Payer Policy Updates

    Specialty: Gastroenterology1 / 3

    10 rows

    PolicyPayerEffective Date
    Achalasia and Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) - Minimally Invasive Procedures - Medical PolicyHealth-New-England2027-02-01
    Esophageal Brush Biopsycaresourcegeorgia2026-12-01
    Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Field Stimulation for Functional Abdominal Pain Disordersbcbsvermont2026-12-01
    Gastric Pacing/Gastric Electrical Stimulation (GES)Cigna2026-11-15
    Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Field Stimulation for Disorders of Gut-Brain Interactionpremerabluecrossofwashington2026-11-06
    Percutaneous electrical nerve field stimulation for disorders of gut-brain interactionpremerabluecrossofwashington2026-11-06
    Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Field Stimulation for Disorders of Gut-Brain Interactionpremerabluecrossofwashington2026-11-06
    Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) Coverage Policyevicore2026-11-05
    Non-invasive Testing for Liver FibrosisModa Health2026-11-01
    Surgical Site of Care - Colonoscopy and Sigmoidoscopyregence2026-11-01

    Related Codes

    CPT-45300-PROCTOSIGMOIDOSCOPY-RIGID-DIAGNOSTIC

    CPT 45300: Diagnostic Proctosigmoidoscopy with Rigid Proctoscope

    CPT-45303-PROCTOSIGMOIDOSCOPY-WITH-STRICTURE-DILATION

    CPT 45303: Proctosigmoidoscopy with Stricture Dilation

    CPT-45305-PROCTOSIGMOIDOSCOPY-WITH-BIOPSY

    CPT 45305: Proctosigmoidoscopy with Biopsy

    CPT-45307-PROCTOSIGMOIDOSCOPY-LOWER-GI-ENDOSCOPY

    CPT 45307: Proctosigmoidoscopy of Rectum and Sigmoid Colon

    CPT-45308-PROCTOSIGMOIDOSCOPIC-LESION-REMOVAL

    CPT 45308: Proctosigmoidoscopy with Removal of Single Lesion

    CPT-45309-PROCTOSIGMOIDOSCOPY-SNARE-EXCISION-LESION

    CPT 45309: Proctosigmoidoscopy with Snare Polypectomy

    CPT-45315-PROCTOSIGMOIDOSCOPIC-POLYPECTOMY-MULTIPLE-LESIONS

    CPT 45315: Proctosigmoidoscopy with Multiple Lesion Removal

    CPT-45317-PROCTOSIGMOIDOSCOPY-WITH-HEMOSTASIS

    CPT 45317: Therapeutic Proctosigmoidoscopy for Hemorrhage Control

    CPT-45320-PROCTOSIGMOIDOSCOPIC-LESION-ABLATION

    CPT 45320: Proctosigmoidoscopic Ablation of Lesion

    CPT-45321-PROCTOSIGMOIDOSCOPIC-DECOMPRESSION-SIGMOID-VOLVULUS

    CPT 45321: Proctosigmoidoscopic Decompression of Volvulus

    Showing 1–10 of 39

    Frequently Asked Questions

    References

    1. 1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.Maintains the CPT code set's official descriptions and guidelines, licensed from the American Medical Association, used as the definitional source for CPT codes on this page.
    2. 2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's quarterly release of HCPCS Level II codes and short/long descriptors, the source for HCPCS code definitions and update history.
    3. 3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's complete ICD-10-CM diagnosis code list, used to cross-reference diagnosis codes associated with this procedure or service.
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