Concert Genetic Testing: Gastroenterology(PDF)
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Defines medical necessity criteria for genetic and blood-based noninvasive tests for non-cancerous gastroenterologic conditions (e.g., hereditary hemochromatosis, hereditary pancreatitis, IBD/Crohn's disease, and noninvasive liver fibrosis tests), lists example tests and billing codes, references guideline-based rationale, and provides definitions and revision history. This is part 1 of 2 of the policy.
Updated HFE panel title to 'HFE C282Y and H63D Genotyping' and added first-degree relative criterion; removed broader sequencing statement.
Non-Invasive Liver Fibrosis Serum Tests criteria created to align coverage with guidelines.
Hereditary Inflammatory Bowel Disease / Crohn's Disease Panel Tests age and criteria revised to align with updated guidelines.
MCM6 Targeted Variant Analysis criteria retired due to low order and claim volume.
Changed age at diagnosis for Crohn's disease in Hereditary Inflammatory Bowel Disease / Crohn's Disease Panel Tests to align with updated guidelines.
Retired MCM6 Targeted Variant Analysis criteria set due to low order volume.
Moved Known Familial Variant Analysis criteria to 'Genetic Testing: General Approach to Genetic and Molecular Testing' for consolidation.
Created new Non-Invasive Liver Fibrosis Serum Tests (Blood-based Noninvasive Liver Disease Algorithmic Tests) criteria and moved FibroSure tests into this category.
Added HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 prior testing requirement to HLA-DQ Genotyping Analysis criteria.
Removed CPT 88342, PLA 0203U, CPT 81356 and CPT 86671 from Policy Reference Table and criteria.
Updated background, rationale, coding, reference table, and references; performed multiple evidence reviews (dates noted).
Coverage Summary
This policy (part 1 of 2) defines medical necessity criteria for genetic and blood-based noninvasive tests for non-cancerous gastroenterologic conditions and aligns coverage with multiple professional guidelines (e.g., ACG, AASLD, EASL, EMQN, GeneReviews, British/European pediatric gastroenterology guidance). It addresses testing categories including HFE C282Y and H63D genotyping for hereditary hemochromatosis, hereditary pancreatitis multigene panels, hereditary IBD/Crohn's multigene panels, IBD diagnostic and prognostic algorithmic tests, and blood-based noninvasive liver fibrosis (MASLD/NAFLD) algorithmic tests.
The document reflects a mixed coverage stance: it specifies medically necessary indications for select genetic and serum-based tests while noting tests or uses that are not supported by current evidence. The policy emphasizes pre- and post-test genetic counseling and consolidates known-familial variant criteria into a general genetic testing policy; new noninvasive liver fibrosis serum test criteria were also added.
Medical-Necessity Criteria
HFE C282Y and H63D Genotyping - Medically Necessary
HFE C282Y and H63D genotyping to establish a diagnosis of hereditary hemochromatosis is considered medically necessary when:
ANY of the following
- The member/enrollee has abnormal serum iron indices (e.g., elevated serum transferrin-iron saturation and/or elevated serum ferritin concentration, indicating iron overload).
- The member/enrollee has a first-degree relative with a diagnosis of hereditary hemochromatosis.
ALL of the following
- Not supported indication: Current evidence does not support HFE C282Y and H63D genotyping to establish a diagnosis of hereditary hemochromatosis for all other indications, including general population screening for hereditary hemochromatosis.
HFE C282Y and H63D Genotyping - Not Supported
Not supported indication
Hereditary Pancreatitis Multigene Panel - Medically Necessary
Panel analysis is medically necessary when:
ALL of the following
- The member/enrollee has a personal history of pancreatitis.
AND meets at least one of
- Unexplained episode of acute pancreatitis in childhood (18 years or younger).
- Recurrent (two or more separate, documented) acute attacks of pancreatitis for which there is no explanation (i.e., anatomical anomalies, ampullary or main pancreatic strictures, trauma, viral infection, gallstones, alcohol, drugs, hyperlipidemia, etc.).
- Chronic pancreatitis of unknown cause, particularly with onset before age 35 years without a history of heavy alcohol use.
- At least one close relative with recurrent acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis of unknown cause, or childhood pancreatitis of unknown cause.
- The panel includes, at a minimum, the following genes: PRSS1, SPINK1, CFTR, and CTRC.
Hereditary Pancreatitis Multigene Panel - Not Supported
Not supported indication
Hereditary Inflammatory Bowel Disease / Crohn's Disease Panel - Medically Necessary
Genetic testing via multigene panel is medically necessary when:
ANY of the following
- The member/enrollee was diagnosed with infantile-onset inflammatory bowel disease (Infantile-IBD) before age 2 years.
- The member/enrollee was diagnosed with very early onset inflammatory bowel disease (VEO-IBD) before age 6 years, AND at least one of the following: congenital multiple intestinal atresias; congenital diarrhea; diagnosis of malignancy under age 25; features of an inborn error of immunity such as susceptibility to infections; complex autoimmune features; a close relative meeting any of the above criteria; undergoing stem cell transplant; or a history of multiple intestinal resections.
Hereditary Inflammatory Bowel Disease / Crohn's Disease Panel - Not Supported
Not supported indication
Inflammatory Bowel Disease / Crohn's Disease Diagnostic Algorithmic Tests
Coverage stance
Inflammatory Bowel Disease / Crohn's Disease Prognostic Algorithmic Tests
Coverage stance
Blood-based Noninvasive Liver Disease Algorithmic Tests - Medically Necessary
These tests are considered medically necessary when ALL criteria below are met:
AND member meets BOTH 1 and 2
1. One of the following liver disease indications
- Untreated chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.
- Suspected or confirmed metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD, formerly NAFLD).
2. One of the following risk/fibrosis criteria
- FIB-4 index threshold: An intermediate or high-risk Fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4) score (>= 1.3 for individuals younger than 65 years; >= 2.0 for individuals 65 years or older).>= 1.3 for individuals <65 years; >= 2.0 for individuals >=65 years
- A low-risk Fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4) score (less than 1.3 for individuals younger than 65 years; less than 2.0 for individuals 65 years or older), AND either prediabetes/type 2 diabetes or two or more features of metabolic syndrome (e.g., abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high triglyceride levels).<1.3 for <65 years; <2.0 for >=65 years
Blood-based Noninvasive Liver Disease Algorithmic Tests - Not Supported
Not supported indication
Not Supported / Removed Tests
The policy explicitly states that Prometheus IBD diagnostic and prognostic algorithmic tests (example: Prometheus IBD sgi Diagnostic and Prometheus Crohn's Prognostic) are not supported by current evidence for all indications. Additionally, the policy notes removal of specific CPT/PLA codes from the Policy Reference Table and criteria: 88342, 0203U, 81356, and 86671 (listed under the 'Removed from Policy Reference Table / Criteria' code group).
Summary of Policy Revisions and Criteria Changes
Revisions and specific criteria updates (narrative; individual policies referenced were changed as follows):
Coding
| 81256 | HFE C282Y and H63D genotyping (example listed elsewhere as related to hereditary hemochromatosis) |
| E83.110 | Iron overload, unspecified (example related ICD-10 code listed) |
| E83.118 | Other hemochromatosis (example listed) |
| E83.119 | Hemochromatosis, unspecified (example listed) |
| R79.0 | Abnormal level of other serum enzymes (example listed) |
| E83.19 | Other disorders of iron metabolism (example listed) |
| R16.0 | Hepatomegaly (example listed) |
| 81222 | PRSS1 single gene testing (example listed) |
| 81223 | SPINK1 gene testing (example listed) |
| 81404 | Targeted gene panel (example listed) |
| 81405 | Targeted large panel (example listed) |
| 81479 | Unlisted molecular pathology procedure (example listed) |
| K85.0-K85.9 | Acute pancreatitis ICD-10 range (example listed) |
| K86.1 | Other chronic pancreatitis (example listed) |
| Z83.79 | Family history of other specified diseases and conditions (example listed) |
| 81479 | Unlisted molecular pathology procedure (example listed) |
| 82397 | Inflammatory markers (example listed) |
| 83520 | Serum proteins testing (example listed) |
| 86140 | Assay for autoantibodies (example listed) |
| 88346 | Immunohistochemistry (example listed) |
| 88350 | Microscopic examination single specimen (example listed) |
| K50-K52 | Crohn's and other noninfective gastroenteritis and colitis ICD-10 range (example listed) |
| 81401 | Targeted genomic sequence analysis panel (example listed) |
| 83520 | Serum proteins testing (example listed) |
| 88346 | Immunohistochemistry (example listed) |
| 88350 | Microscopic examination single specimen (example listed) |
| 0203U | Proprietary prognostic test (Prometheus Crohn's Prognostic or similar - example listed) |
| K50-K52 | Crohn's and other noninfective gastroenteritis and colitis ICD-10 range (example listed) |
| 81321 | Whole exome sequencing or multigene panel code (example listed) |
| 81406 | Large multi-gene sequencing panel (example listed) |
| 81407 | Another large panel code (example listed) |
| 81479 | Unlisted molecular pathology procedure (example listed) |
| K50-K52 | Crohn's and other noninfective gastroenteritis and colitis ICD-10 range (example listed) |
| 81596 | FibroTest/FibroSure (BioPredictive S.A.S.) |
| 81517 | Enhanced Liver Fibrosis (ELF) Test (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics) |
| 0003M | NASH FibroSURE - proprietary code (LabCorp) (example listed) |
| K76.0 | Fatty (change of) liver, not elsewhere classified (example listed ICD-10) |
| R94.5 | Abnormal results of liver function studies (example listed ICD-10) |
Provider Actions and Documentation Requirements
Document abnormal iron studies or family history for HFE genotyping
HFE C282Y and H63D genotyping requires documentation of abnormal iron studies indicating iron overload (e.g., elevated transferrin‑iron saturation and/or elevated serum ferritin) or documentation of a first‑degree relative with hereditary hemochromatosis.
Document pancreatitis history for hereditary pancreatitis panels
Hereditary pancreatitis multigene panel coverage requires documentation of a personal history of pancreatitis plus at least one qualifying feature such as unexplained childhood acute pancreatitis, recurrent (≥2) unexplained acute attacks, chronic unexplained pancreatitis with onset <35 without heavy alcohol use, or a close relative with similar pancreatitis history.
Document age of onset and qualifying features for hereditary IBD panels
Hereditary IBD/Crohn's multigene testing requires documentation of infantile‑onset IBD (<2 years) or very early‑onset IBD (<6 years) plus at least one additional qualifying feature (e.g., congenital multiple intestinal atresias, congenital diarrhea, malignancy <25, inborn error of immunity features, complex autoimmune features, a close relative meeting criteria, stem cell transplant candidate, or history of multiple intestinal resections).
FIB-4 and test interval requirements for noninvasive liver tests
Blood‑based noninvasive liver disease algorithmic tests are allowed only when there is no confirmed liver fibrosis, the same test has not been performed within the past year, a qualifying liver indication is documented (untreated chronic HCV or suspected/confirmed MASLD), and the FIB‑4 score meets the policy thresholds; for low FIB‑4 with metabolic risk, document prediabetes/type 2 diabetes or ≥2 metabolic syndrome features.
- 81517
- 81596
- 0003M
- Requirements: The member does NOT have a confirmed diagnosis of liver fibrosis.
- Requirements: The test has NOT been performed within the last year.
- Requirements: Document liver disease indication (untreated chronic HCV infection OR suspected/confirmed MASLD).
- Requirements: FIB-4 thresholds — >=1.3 for individuals <65 years; >=2.0 for individuals >=65 years (intermediate/high risk); <1.3 for <65 and <2.0 for >=65 considered low risk.
- Requirements: For low FIB-4 with metabolic risk, document prediabetes/type 2 diabetes OR two or more features of metabolic syndrome.
Prior testing requirement for HLA-DQ genotyping
HLA‑DQA1 and HLA‑DQB1 genotyping analysis must not have been previously performed for the added coverage criterion to apply.
- HLA‑DQA1/DQB1 genotyping must not have been previously performed.
Consolidation of known familial variant testing
Known familial variant analysis criteria for gastroenterologic conditions have been moved to the separate policy 'Genetic Testing: General Approach to Genetic and Molecular Testing'; providers should reference that policy for preauthorization and documentation requirements for known familial variant testing.
Background and Evidence
Background: This policy aligns coverage for genetic testing of non-cancer gastroenterologic conditions with professional society guidelines (ACG, AASLD, EASL, EMQN, GeneReviews, British/European pediatric gastroenterology). Pre- and post-test genetic counseling is strongly advised to facilitate informed decision-making and management of incidental findings.
Operational updates consolidate known-familial variant criteria into a general genetic testing policy, clarify terminology (replacing 'mutation' with 'variant'), and add criteria for blood-based noninvasive liver fibrosis serum tests (e.g., FibroSure, ELF) to align coverage with guideline-recommended risk stratification.
| Evidence / Guideline | Summary/Conclusion |
|---|---|
| Concert Evidence Review - Prometheus IBD sgi Diagnostic (Published 07/01/2024) | Insufficient evidence of clinical utility to improve health outcomes; diagnostic algorithmic tests like Prometheus IBD sgi Diagnostic have INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE versus standard care. |
| Concert Evidence Review - Prometheus Crohn's Prognostic (Published 07/01/2024) | Insufficient evidence of clinical utility to improve health outcomes; Prometheus Crohn's Prognostic test has INSUFFICIENT EVIDENCE to improve outcomes compared to standard care. |
| Guideline - ACG | ACG guidelines support confirming transferrin saturation before HFE testing and recommend using FIB-4 as a first-line test for NAFLD; they do not support routine serologic testing for IBD diagnosis. |
| Guideline - AASLD (2024) | AASLD suggests sequential combinations of blood-based markers may perform better than single tests for fibrosis in HCV and NAFLD; generally recommends starting with simple tests (FIB-4 or NFS) over proprietary tests. |
| Guideline - EASL (2021) / AGA (2023 clinical practice update) | EASL and AGA endorse noninvasive testing strategies (FIB-4 first-line) and reserve specialized blood tests (ELF, FibroTest/FibroSure) for secondary assessment when elastography is unavailable; sequential testing improves risk stratification. |
| Guideline incorporations / Society guidelines (EMQN, GeneReviews, British/European pediatric gastroenterology) | EMQN recommends testing p.C282Y and optionally p.H63D for HFE; GeneReviews and pediatric society guidelines support genomic testing in infantile/VEO-IBD and outline features prompting multigene testing. |
| Policy Evidence Summary / Guideline-based revisions | Policy revisions incorporate Concert evidence reviews (7/1/2024) and society guidelines (ACG, AASLD, EASL, EMQN) to define when HFE genotyping, pancreatitis panels, hereditary IBD panels, and noninvasive liver fibrosis tests are medically necessary versus not supported. |
Medicare Determinations
| Name | Number | Type | Effective Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Hepatic (Liver) Function Panel | L33907 | LCD |
Revision History
Updated HFE panel title to 'HFE C282Y and H63D Genotyping'; added first-degree relative criterion and removed broader sequencing statement.
Created Non-Invasive Liver Fibrosis Serum Tests (Blood-based Noninvasive Liver Disease Algorithmic Tests) criteria and moved FibroSure and other proprietary tests into this new category.
Revised Hereditary Inflammatory Bowel Disease / Crohn's Disease Panel Tests age and related criteria (changed age at diagnosis thresholds and added specific additional testing criteria such as family history, consanguinity, infections, autoimmune features, malignancy, intestinal atresias, etc.) to align with updated guidelines.
Retired MCM6 Targeted Variant Analysis criteria set due to low order and claim volume.
Moved Known Familial Variant Analysis criteria to the 'Genetic Testing: General Approach to Genetic and Molecular Testing' policy for consolidation of known-familial variant test criteria.
Added HLA-DQA1 and HLA-DQB1 prior testing requirement to HLA-DQ Genotyping Analysis criteria and standardized allele naming.
Removed CPT 88342, PLA 0203U, CPT 81356 and CPT 86671 from Policy Reference Table and criteria related to IBD/Crohn's diagnostic and prognostic algorithmic tests following evidence review updates.
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