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Graves' Ophthalmopathy Treatments
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Defines Aetna's medical necessity, precertification, and coverage stance for surgical, radiotherapy, and drug treatments (notably teprotumumab‑trbw/Tepezza) for Graves' ophthalmopathy for commercial medical plans.
No material clinical or coverage changes in this revision.
Coverage and Medical Necessity Criteria
Surgery (Orbital decompression, eye muscle, eyelid surgery) — Medical Necessity
Covered when ALL of the following are met
Surgical interventions (orbital decompression, eye muscle surgery, eyelid surgery) are indicated for severe Graves' ophthalmopathy, especially marked proptosis or dysthyroid optic neuropathy; delay until stability of thyroid-related orbitopathy (TRO) is demonstrated. Fat pad removal for cosmetic correction of exophthalmos is considered not medically necessary.
Orbital radiotherapy — Medical Necessity
Covered when ALL of the following are met
Orbital radiotherapy (commonly a 20 Gy regimen evaluated in RCTs) may be considered for moderate-to-severe active Graves' ophthalmopathy; evidence is mixed for effects on proptosis and soft-tissue changes but may improve extra-ocular motility and can be combined with corticosteroids for greater effect.
Teprotumumab-trbw (Tepezza) — Initial Approval Criteria
Teprotumumab-trbw is considered medically necessary for thyroid eye disease when ALL of the following are met
Prescriber must be an ophthalmologist or in consultation with one; site-of-care utilization and precertification are required; repeat series of Tepezza infusions are excluded (considered experimental/investigational).
Teprotumumab-trbw — Dosage/Administration
Supplied as 500 mg lyophilized powder in a single-dose vial for reconstitution (Tepezza).
Experimental/Investigational — Teprotumumab and other indications
Repeat series are excluded from coverage per policy exclusions.
Coverage considerations and evidence summary
Coverage considerations based on clinical severity and evidence:
Supported by surgical background description; surgery should be delayed until TRO stability is demonstrated.
Systematic reviews and RCTs report mixed efficacy for proptosis and soft-tissue changes but possible benefit for motility; combination with glucocorticoids may increase effectiveness.
Evidence for some approaches is limited to case series; surgical timing and sequencing are important.
Based on network meta-analysis and Cochrane/other review findings.
Meta-analysis showed CAS improvement but variable serious adverse events; patient selection and safety monitoring are important.
Rituximab (RTX)
Rituximab evidence summary and patient selection considerations
Selection of patients is important; consider rituximab primarily in specialized settings or clinical trials with informed risk discussion.
Teprotumumab (Tepezza) — covered with clinical criteria
Teprotumumab (Tepezza) clinical trial evidence and regulatory indication
These trial criteria informed typical clinical trial patient selection; FDA label later expanded indication to TED regardless of activity or duration.
Pivotal trials reported response rates of ~69%-83% for teprotumumab versus ~10%-20% for placebo.
FDA label update (April 14, 2023) expanded indication to include TED regardless of disease activity or duration; monitor glucose in diabetic patients and verify pregnancy status prior to therapy.
Somatostatin analogs and IVIG
Treatments of marginal or unproven value
Consensus statements list somatostatin analogs and IVIG as unproven therapies.
Tocilizumab
Tocilizumab evidence in steroid-refractory active GO
Study by Perez-Moreiras et al (2014); interpret cautiously given small non-randomized design.
Evidence summaries (informational)
Clinical evidence and disease severity classifications presented (informational in this section):
Pivotal trials reported rapid and substantial response rates; monitor for adverse events and adhere to prescribing information.
Perez-Moreiras et al 2014.
Li et al 2022 systematic review/meta-analysis (10 studies, 632 patients).
Repeat therapy exclusion: Aetna excludes coverage for repeat series of teprotumumab‑trbw (Tepezza); only a single full course — defined as 8 infusions (10 mg/kg initial infusion followed by 20 mg/kg every 3 weeks for 7 additional infusions) — is allowed. Precertification is required for teprotumumab‑trbw and repeat courses will not be authorized.
Allograft use for lower eyelid elevation: The use of banked human tissue grafts (for example, Alloderm) to elevate the lower eyelids in members with lower eyelid retraction associated with Graves ophthalmopathy is considered experimental and investigational and is not covered.
Limitations of orbital radiotherapy evidence: Randomized controlled trials and a technology assessment have been heterogeneous and, in several sham‑controlled RCTs, orbital radiation did not demonstrate superiority over sham irradiation for improving proptosis, lid fissure, or soft tissue changes. Some trials did show improvements in ocular motility, but overall the evidence for radiation’s effects on soft‑tissue/appearance endpoints is inconsistent.
Trial population and generalizability: Pivotal teprotumumab trials primarily enrolled adults with recent‑onset, active disease (trial entry commonly required higher Clinical Activity Scores), so the efficacy observed in those populations may not generalize to patients with milder, less active, or chronic/stable disease; longer‑term and broader real‑world data are needed to define benefit in those groups.
Gypenosides — preclinical only: Data for gypenosides are limited to in‑vitro studies of orbital fibroblasts showing antioxidative and anti‑apoptotic effects; authors explicitly state that further investigation and clinical studies are required before clinical use, so gypenosides remain experimental at this time.
Fat pad removal for cosmetic exophthalmos: Surgical removal of orbital fat performed primarily for cosmetic correction of exophthalmos (fat pad removal) is considered not medically necessary because it is generally a cosmetic procedure and not required for treatment of severe, vision‑threatening disease.
Radiation to improve appearance lacks Level I support: Using orbital radiation solely to improve proptosis, eyelid retraction, or soft‑tissue changes is not supported by consistent Level I evidence; randomized trials and systematic reviews show mixed results, and several sham‑controlled RCTs did not demonstrate meaningful benefit for these endpoints.
Somatostatin analogs and IVIG — marginal/unproven: Randomized trials have not demonstrated benefit for somatostatin analogs (e.g., lanreotide, octreotide) and data for intravenous immunoglobulin are limited; these therapies are described as of marginal or unproven value and lack robust randomized trial evidence to support routine use.
Investigational therapies — preliminary/preclinical: Several therapies (for example, gypenosides and Th17.1‑targeted approaches) are at a preclinical or early investigational stage, with evidence limited to laboratory or small uncontrolled reports; these approaches require additional clinical investigation before they can be considered medically necessary.
Billing and Coding
| 15820 | Blepharoplasty, lower eyelid. |
| 15822 | Blepharoplasty, upper eyelid. |
| 61330 | Decompression of orbit only, transcranial approach. |
| 67311-67343 | Strabismus surgery. |
| 67414 | Orbitotomy without bone flap (frontal or transconjunctival approach); with removal of bone for decompression. |
| 67445 | Orbitotomy with bone flap or window, lateral approach (e.g., Kroenlein); with removal of bone for decompression. |
| 67901-67908 | Repair of blepharoptosis. |
| 67950 | Cathoplasty [lateral tarsal canthoplasty]. |
| 67961-67966 | Excision and repair of eyelid, involving lid margin, tarsus, conjunctiva, canthus, or full thickness, may include preparation for skin graft or pedicle flap with adjacent tissue transfer or rearrangement [mullerectomy (resection of the Müller muscle), eyelid spacer grafts]. |
| 67909 | Reduction of overcorrection of ptosis. |
| 96413 | Chemotherapy administration, intravenous infusion technique; up to 1 hour, single or initial substance/drug. |
| 96415 | Chemotherapy administration, intravenous infusion technique; each additional hour. |
| J3241 | Injection, teprotumumab-trbw, 10 mg. |
| V2710 | Slab off prism, glass or plastic, per lens. |
| V2715 | Prism, per lens. |
| V2718 | Press-on lens, Fresnel prism, per lens. |
| 15821 | Blepharoplasty, lower eyelid; with extensive herniated fat pad. |
| 15823 | Blepharoplasty, upper eyelid; excessive skin weighting down lid. |
| 90281 | Immune globulin (Ig), human, for intramuscular use. |
| 90283 | Immune globulin (IgIV), human, for intravenous use. |
| 90284 | Immune globulin (SCIg), human, for subcutaneous use. |
| E05.00-E05.01 | Thyrotoxicosis with diffuse goiter. |
| H05.89 | Other disorders of orbit [thyrotoxic exophthalmos, exophthalmic ophthalmoplegia]. |
| No codes listed |
Prior Authorization, Documentation, and Provider Responsibilities
Precertification required for Tepezza
Precertification of teprotumumab-trbw (Tepezza) is required of all Aetna participating providers and members in applicable plan designs prior to administration; contact the specialty pharmacy precertification number or use the Statement of Medical Necessity (SMN) precertification forms as directed by the plan.
- Call (866) 752-7021 or fax (888) 267-3277 for precertification per policy.
- Site-of-care utilization management policy applies for Tepezza infusions.
Prior authorization for decompression and orbital radiotherapy (RT 20 Gy)
Prior authorization should verify that orbital decompression is being reserved for severe, medication‑refractory ophthalmopathy (e.g., marked proptosis or optic neuropathy) and that orbital radiotherapy (commonly RT 20 Gy) is being considered for moderate‑to‑severe active disease, often when intravenous glucocorticoids have been inadequate or in combination with glucocorticoids.
- Document that conservative measures and medication trials have failed before decompression.
- If RT 20 Gy is requested, indicate whether it will be used with or after glucocorticoids and the clinical rationale.
Teprotumumab prior authorization (headline)
Teprotumumab (Tepezza) is FDA‑approved for treatment of thyroid eye disease regardless of activity or duration; prior authorization requests should verify the indication, pregnancy status, and baseline diabetes control given the risk of hyperglycemia.
- Confirm FDA‑approved indication (TED regardless of activity/duration).
- Verify pregnancy status and contraception counseling for women of child‑bearing potential.
- Document diabetes status and plans for glucose monitoring/management.
Prior authorization for specialty biologics
Specialty biologic therapies such as teprotumumab typically require documentation of the clinical indication and reference to the drug’s prescribing information; prior authorization processes and specialty pharmacy precertification apply for high‑cost biologics.
- Include prescriber specialty (ophthalmologist or consultation with one) as required by the policy.
- Reference Tepezza prescribing information and site‑of‑care policy in the authorization request.
Prior authorization requirement
Coverage determinations are governed by the member’s plan benefit provisions and Aetna clinical policy processes; prior authorization may be required per the plan and clinical policy procedures and absence of required documentation may lead to denial.
- Ensure authorization requests include all required plan‑specific documentation to avoid administrative denials.
Conservative/medical trial before surgery
Surgical interventions (orbital decompression, eye muscle surgery, eyelid surgery) are considered medically necessary only after trials of conservative measures and medications have been unsuccessful.
- Document prior conservative measures (e.g., head elevation, cool compresses, lubricating eyedrops, prisms) and medication trials (e.g., diuretics, methimazole, prednisone, propylthiouracil).
- Confirm stability of thyroid‑related orbitopathy before elective surgery.
Therapy sequencing (steroids before/with radiotherapy)
Evidence and policy guidance support systemic corticosteroids—particularly intravenous methylprednisolone pulses—as first‑line medical therapy for active inflammation; orbital radiotherapy is typically considered adjunctive or second‑line and may be combined with glucocorticoids for greater effect.
- Document prior IV corticosteroid trial and response when radiotherapy is proposed.
- Note that combination therapy (RT plus glucocorticoids) may improve outcomes for some endpoints.
Conservative and steroid-first approaches
Standard conservative and steroid‑first approaches are described as current practice measures prior to considering novel biologic therapies and include smoking cessation, supportive measures, systemic glucocorticoids, and IV methylprednisolone pulses.
- Document lifestyle measures (e.g., smoking cessation, euthyroid status), supportive ocular care, and details of systemic glucocorticoid therapy and response.
No explicit step therapy ordering in this section
The document summarizes multiple treatment modalities (medical, surgical, radiation) but does not mandate a single required step‑therapy sequence in this extract; clinical judgment and plan provisions guide sequencing decisions.
- Authorization reviews should consider the individualized treatment history and documented rationale rather than a prescriptive step order.
Tepezumab precertification documentation
Precertification of teprotumumab‑trbw (Tepezza) requires submission of Statement of Medical Necessity (SMN) forms and use of the specialty pharmacy precertification process as specified by Aetna.
- Follow specialty pharmacy precertification instructions and submit SMN forms per policy.
- Site‑of‑care utilization management policy applies to infusion location selection.
Indication and treatment specifics
Authorization requests should document the indication and treatment specifics—for example, severe ophthalmopathy refractory to medications and/or radiotherapy, presence of marked proptosis or optic neuropathy for decompression, or rationale for RT 20 Gy and whether glucocorticoids are being used concomitantly.
- Describe prior therapies tried and clinical findings (e.g., marked proptosis, optic neuropathy) supporting the requested intervention.
- For RT requests, specify dose regimen (RT 20 Gy) and planned combination with glucocorticoids if applicable.
Suggested clinical documentation elements
Suggested clinical documentation elements mirrored from clinical trials include documentation of active disease using Clinical Activity Score (CAS) thresholds, euthyroid status, limited prior glucocorticoid exposure, and exclusion of optic neuropathy or severe ocular surface damage when relevant to the requested therapy.
- Include CAS value (trial inclusion often used CAS ≥4; some trials used ≥3) and disease duration when applicable.
- Document thyroid status, prior steroid dosing, and baseline ophthalmic exam findings.
Reference FDA label and trial data
When documenting indications for teprotumumab, reference the FDA prescribing information and recent label updates (including the April 14, 2023 update expanding indication to TED regardless of activity or duration).
- Cite the Tepezza prescribing information and note the April 14, 2023 FDA label revision in the authorization documentation.
Provider responsibility and documentation
Treating providers are responsible for medical advice and treatment decisions; plan participation and member‑specific benefit provisions govern coverage and require appropriate provider documentation for authorization and claims.
- Ensure documentation aligns with member plan benefits and policy requirements to support coverage determinations.
Tepezuma precertification and repeat-course exclusion
Aetna considers repeat series (more than one course) of Tepezza infusions excluded from coverage; precertification is required and repeat treatment courses are not covered.
- One course is defined as a total of 8 infusions; requests for additional courses are excluded.
Orbital radiation evidence limitations
Randomized controlled trials of orbital radiation often excluded patients with optic neuropathy and some sham‑controlled trials did not show benefit over sham for proptosis, lid fissure, or soft tissue changes; requests seeking RT specifically for those endpoints without supporting evidence may be at risk for denial.
- Highlight objective indications (e.g., motility impairment) and prior therapy failure when requesting orbital radiation to mitigate denial risk.
Pregnancy verification and contraception
Teprotumumab is contraindicated in pregnancy; women of child‑bearing potential must have pregnancy status verified prior to initiating treatment and be counseled on contraception during treatment and for 6 months following the last dose.
- Provide documented negative pregnancy test and contraception counseling in the authorization record.
- Counsel and document plans for contraception for 6 months after final dose.
Clinical Policy Bulletin change risk
Clinical Policy Bulletins are subject to change and do not guarantee coverage; lacking required plan benefit documentation or noncompliance with plan provisions may result in denial of services.
- Verify current policy version and member benefit design when preparing prior authorization requests.
Administrative disclaimer
This Clinical Policy Bulletin provides a partial description of plan benefits and does not constitute a contract; failure to provide required documentation or adhere to plan provisions may lead to denial.
- Treating providers remain responsible for medical advice and must ensure authorization materials meet plan requirements.
Clinical Background and Context
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that can involve the orbit (thyroid‑associated ophthalmopathy), producing symptoms such as proptosis, ophthalmoplegia, optic neuropathy, and eyelid retraction. The condition affects a minority of patients with Graves disease and treatment selection is driven by both disease severity and activity; conservative measures and medical therapy are first‑line for many patients, while surgery and orbital radiotherapy are generally reserved for severe, medication‑refractory, or vision‑threatening disease. Surgical interventions are typically deferred until the orbitopathy is clinically stable.
Key Definitions and Clinical Measures
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