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    v1.0.30
    OpenPayerBilling CodesDiagnostic Nuclear Medicine Procedures on the Nervous SystemCPT cpt-78650-csf-leak-nuclear-imaging-localization
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    CPT 78650: Nuclear Medicine Localization of CSF Leak

    Medicare pays $171 on average nationally for this procedure.

    CPT code 78650 describes a diagnostic nuclear medicine procedure to detect and localize a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak using a radioactive tracer; service type: diagnostic nuclear imaging study; typical site of service: nuclear medicine imaging suite, hospital radiology department, or outpatient imaging center.

    For related coverage guidance, see recent payer policy updates: Clinical Review Criteria Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring (IONM), Remote Electrical Neuromodulation for Migraines (i.e., Nerivio®), Lumbar Microdiscectomy.

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    Table of contents

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    Clinical & Coding Specifications

    Clinical Context

    A typical patient is an adult referred from neurology or otolaryngology for evaluation of suspected cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak after head trauma, skull base surgery, chronic rhinorrhea suspicious for CSF otorrhea/rhinorrhea, or positional headache suggesting low CSF pressure. The patient presents with clear unilateral nasal drainage that tests positive for beta-2 transferrin or with persistent post-operative drainage after transsphenoidal or skull base repair. Prior to the nuclear study, the clinical workflow commonly includes history and physical, specimen testing for beta-2 transferrin, high-resolution CT or MR imaging of the skull base, and ENT or neurosurgical consultation.

    On the day of service the patient is positioned in nuclear medicine. An intrathecal injection of a radiotracer (commonly technetium-99m–labeled DTPA) is administered by an experienced provider or interventional radiology under sterile technique. Dynamic and delayed planar or SPECT images are acquired to localize tracer egress from the subarachnoid space to sinonasal or otic cavities. Results guide surgical planning or conservative management decisions; a neurosurgeon or otolaryngologist typically reviews imaging for localization of the leak and to determine the need for operative repair.

    Related CPT Codes

    CPT CodeDescriptionRelationship to This Procedure
    62270Spinal puncture, diagnostic with or without contrast for myelographyProvides CSF access for intrathecal injection of radiotracer prior to radionuclide cisternography when performed by same or separate provider
    78999Unlisted diagnostic ultrasound procedure (example placeholder)Data not applicable; follow-up or adjunct imaging codes vary by facility (note: unlisted codes are used when no specific code exists)
    70486CT head/face without contrast, limited to skull baseCT imaging commonly performed before or after localization to identify bone defects at the skull base
    70553MRI brain with and without contrastMRI of the brain/skull base used to evaluate encephaloceles or meningocele associated with CSF leak
    61616Repair of CSF leak; cranial base approachSurgical repair code used when operative repair follows localization study

    Related Modifiers

    10 rows

    ModifierDescriptionWhen to Use
    26Modifier 26 (Professional Component) identifies and bills only the professional portion of a split service — the physician’s interpretation, report, and medical judgment — when the technical…- Use CPT Modifier -26 when you are billing only the professional component (PC) of a split‑bill eligible service—i.e., you performed the physician interpretation, medical judgment and prepared a…
    52Modifier ‑52 (Reduced Services) indicates that a service or procedure was partially reduced or omitted at the provider’s discretion, allowing reporting of the basic procedure number with a qualifier…- Use modifier -52 when a physician or qualified health professional electively reduces or omits part of a procedure or service (for example, performing fewer required views or omitting a portion of…
    53Modifier 53 (Discontinued Procedure) signals that a surgical or diagnostic service was begun by the physician but terminated because of extenuating circumstances that threatened the patient’s…- Use modifier -53 when a physician/qualified healthcare professional has started a surgical or diagnostic procedure (e.g., anesthesia administered, incision or scope insertion) and then discontinues…
    59Modifier 59 indicates a distinct procedural service when two procedures that are not normally billed together are clinically and procedurally separate. The CPT definition (as reiterated by CMS)…- Use modifier -59 to report a distinct procedural service when documentation supports that the procedure reported is not normally billed together with another service on the same day because of a…
    78CPT modifier -78 indicates an unplanned, related return to the operating or procedure room by the same provider during the global postoperative period. It is appended when treatment for a…- Use modifier -78 when an unplanned, related complication during the original procedure’s global postoperative period requires the patient to return to a formal operating or procedure room and the…
    76Modifier -76, Repeat Procedure or Service by Same Physician or Other Qualified Health Care Professional, is appended when the same provider performs an identical, medically necessary procedure or…- Use modifier -76 when the same physician or other qualified health care professional performs an identical procedure or service a second (or subsequent) time on the same date of service and the…
    22Modifier –22 (Increased Procedural Services) is used when a reported procedure is substantially more extensive than normally required. The CPT Manual and CMS state it may be appended only when the…- When to use: Append modifier -22 to a procedural CPT code when the service performed is substantially more extensive than the usual service described by that code — i.e., the procedure required…
    50Modifier –50 (Bilateral Procedure) is appended to a CPT code when an identical procedure is performed on paired anatomical structures during the same operative session. The AMA states to add…- Use modifier -50 when the same CPT surgical, diagnostic, or radiology procedure is performed on paired anatomical structures (both sides of the body) during the same operative/session by the same…
    62Modifier 62 indicates that two surgeons function as co‑surgeons, each performing distinct parts of the same primary surgical procedure. It is appended to the primary procedure code (and any…- Use modifier -62 when two surgeons act as co‑surgeons (both primary surgeons) on a single definitive primary procedure, each performing distinct parts of the same surgical procedure (append -62 to…
    80CPT® Modifier 80 (Assistant Surgeon) is appended to a surgical CPT code when a physician (MD or DO) provides full, continuous assistance throughout the operative procedure. It is intended only for…- Use CPT Modifier -80 when a physician (MD or DO) serves as an assistant surgeon and provides full, continuous assistance throughout the entire operative procedure; append -80 to the surgical CPT…

    Related Provider Taxonomies

    8 rows

    Taxonomy Code
    2084P0800X
    207L00000X
    2086S0102X
    208000000X
    163WN0300X
    2472V0600X
    209800000X
    174200000X

    Related ICD-10-CM Codes

    23 rows

    ICD-10-CM CodeDescription
    G03.9Meningitis, unspecified
    G91.0Communicating hydrocephalus
    G91.1Obstructive hydrocephalus
    G91.2(Idiopathic) normal pressure hydrocephalus
    G93.5Compression of brain
    G96.9Disorder of central nervous system, unspecified
    H90.3Sensorineural hearing loss, bilateral
    H90.5Unspecified sensorineural hearing loss
    I61.9Nontraumatic intracerebral hemorrhage, unspecified
    I62.9Nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage, unspecified

    Showing 1–10 of 23

    Related Payer Policy Updates

    Specialty: Neurology/Neurosurgery1 / 2

    10 rows

    PolicyPayerEffective Date
    Clinical Review Criteria Intraoperative Neurophysiological Monitoring (IONM)Kaiser Permanente2027-01-01
    Remote Electrical Neuromodulation for Migraines (i.e., Nerivio®)bcbsvermont2026-11-01
    Lumbar Microdiscectomyuniverahealthcare2026-10-15
    Artificial Cervical Intervertebral Discuniverahealthcare2026-10-15
    Lumbar Decompressionuniverahealthcare2026-10-15
    Responsive Neurostimulation for Focal EpilepsyPremera Bluecross2026-10-14
    Intraoperative MonitoringProvidence Health Plan2026-10-01
    Intraoperative MonitoringProvidence Health Plan2026-10-01
    High-Intensity Focused UltrasoundMass General Brigham Health Plan2026-10-01
    Vagal Nerve StimulationAmbetter Nevada2026-10-01

    Related Codes

    CPT-78600-BRAIN-NUCLEAR-STATIC-IMAGING-FEWER-THAN-FOUR-VIEWS

    CPT 78600: Nuclear Diagnostic Brain Imaging, <4 Static Views

    CPT-78601-BRAIN-NUCLEAR-PERFUSION-IMAGING-FEWER-THAN-FOUR-STATIC-VIEWS

    CPT 78601: Nuclear Diagnostic Brain Imaging, Static Views and Flow

    CPT-78605-BRAIN-NUCLEAR-STATIC-IMAGING-FOUR-OR-MORE-VIEWS

    CPT 78605: Brain Nuclear Diagnostic Imaging, Four+ Static Views

    CPT-78606-NUCLEAR-BRAIN-IMAGING-STATIC-VIEWS-CEREBRAL-BLOOD-FLOW

    CPT 78606: Brain Nuclear Imaging, Static Views with Flow Evaluation

    CPT-78608-PET-BRAIN-METABOLIC-IMAGING

    CPT 78608: Brain PET for Cerebral Metabolic Imaging

    CPT-78609-PET-BRAIN-IMAGING

    CPT 78609: Brain PET Scan for Function and Perfusion

    CPT-78610-CEREBRAL-PERFUSION-NUCLEAR-MEDICINE-STUDY

    CPT 78610: Brain Perfusion Study with Gamma Tracer

    CPT-78630-CSF-FLOW-STUDY-HYDROCEPHALUS-LEAK-EVALUATION

    CPT 78630: Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF) Flow Study, Head

    CPT-78635-CSF-FLOW-VENTRICULAR-IMAGING-HYDROCEPHALUS

    CPT 78635: CSF Flow Study for Ventricular Assessment

    CPT-78645-CSF-SHUNT-FLOW-IMAGING

    CPT 78645: CSF Shunt Patency and Flow Imaging Study

    Showing 1–10 of 12

    Frequently Asked Questions

    References

    1. 1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.Maintains the CPT code set's official descriptions and guidelines, licensed from the American Medical Association, used as the definitional source for CPT codes on this page.
    2. 2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's quarterly release of HCPCS Level II codes and short/long descriptors, the source for HCPCS code definitions and update history.
    3. 3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's complete ICD-10-CM diagnosis code list, used to cross-reference diagnosis codes associated with this procedure or service.
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