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CPT 78598: Pulmonary Ventilation and Perfusion Quantitative Scan

CPT code 78598 represents a combined pulmonary ventilation and perfusion nuclear medicine scan that provides quantitative analysis of differential ventilation and perfusion across the lungs. This diagnostic imaging procedure is nationally important because it informs the detection and management of conditions that impair regional lung function, including pulmonary embolism and chronic perfusion abnormalities. Its quantitative nature supports clinical decision-making for diagnosis, treatment planning, and monitoring disease progression.

Key payers covered in this analysis include Aetna, Blue Cross Blue Shield, Cigna Health, UnitedHealthcare, and Medicare. Readers will find an overview of typical clinical indications, service and site-of-service context, and the role of quantitative V/Q (ventilation-perfusion) imaging in the diagnostic pathway. The publication also outlines benchmarks and coverage patterns where available, notes coding considerations, and summarizes how this service fits into broader imaging and pulmonary care workflows. Data not available in the input is noted where applicable.

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Billing Code Overview

CPT code 78598 describes a combined pulmonary ventilation and perfusion nuclear medicine scan that quantitatively evaluates the distribution of air (ventilation) and blood flow (perfusion) within the lungs. The procedure is used to assess differential pulmonary ventilation and perfusion, commonly performed to evaluate suspected pulmonary embolism, chronic thromboembolic disease, or other conditions that alter regional lung ventilation or perfusion.

Service Type: Nuclear medicine diagnostic imaging with quantitative ventilation and perfusion analysis

Typical Site of Service: Hospital outpatient imaging center, hospital radiology/nuclear medicine department, or freestanding imaging center.

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CPT 78598: Pulmonary Ventilation and Perfusion Quantitative Scan

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Get alerted when payer policies referencing 78598 are released or updated.

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Billing Code Overview

Service Type: Nuclear medicine diagnostic imaging with quantitative ventilation and perfusion analysis

Typical Site of Service: Hospital outpatient imaging center, hospital radiology/nuclear medicine department, or freestanding imaging center.

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

A 67-year-old patient with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and new-onset unilateral pleuritic chest pain presents with unexplained dyspnea and an elevated clinical suspicion for pulmonary embolism. The referring pulmonologist or emergency physician orders a quantitative ventilation–perfusion nuclear medicine study to evaluate regional ventilation and perfusion and to identify or exclude perfusion defects consistent with pulmonary embolism. The patient arrives at an outpatient nuclear medicine or hospital radiology department. The nuclear medicine technologist obtains informed consent, reviews allergies and pregnancy status, and performs a ventilation scan (commonly using inhaled radiotracer such as Technegas or aerosolized radioaerosol) followed by a perfusion scan (intravenous injection of macroaggregated albumin labeled with technetium-99m). Images are acquired in multiple projections and processed for quantitative analysis of differential pulmonary ventilation and perfusion. A radiologist or nuclear medicine physician interprets the combined study, documents quantitative findings (including percentage perfusion by lung or lobe), and issues a report that guides clinical management such as anticoagulation decisions or further imaging like CT pulmonary angiography. Typical sites of service include hospital outpatient departments, hospital inpatient wards, and freestanding or hospital-based nuclear medicine suites. Service type: diagnostic nuclear medicine ventilation–perfusion (V/Q) study involving both ventilation and perfusion components.

Coding Specifications

Modifier	Description	When to Use
`26`	Professional component	Use when billing only the physician interpretation/reporting component separate from technical services.
`TC`	Technical component	Use when billing only the technical component (equipment, technologist, radiopharmaceuticals).
`50`	Bilateral procedure	Rarely used for imaging; generally not applicable but may appear if payer requires bilateral modifier for comparative reporting.
`52`	Reduced services	Use when the study is partially completed or limited (e.g., patient unable to complete full image set).
`53`	Discontinued procedure	Use if the study is started but discontinued due to patient instability or adverse reaction.
`59`	Note: `59` is NOT in provided list; do not include.	Data not applicable.
`22`	Increased procedural services	Use when documentation supports substantially greater physician work (complex interpretation or additional quantitative analysis).
`23`	Unusual anesthesia	Rare for V/Q scans; use only if unusual anesthesia was required and documented.
`52`	Reduced services	Duplicate entry avoided; see above.
`78`	Unplanned return to the operating/procedure room	Not typically applicable for nuclear medicine; reserve for procedural re-entry if required.
`80`	Assistant surgeon	Not applicable to imaging procedures; included only if facility-specific billing requires.

Taxonomy Code	Specialty	Notes
2085R0200X	Nuclear Medicine	Primary specialty performing and interpreting ventilation–perfusion scans.
208000000X	Radiology	Radiologists with nuclear medicine expertise frequently perform interpretation.
207K00000X	Pulmonary Disease	Pulmonologists commonly refer and may perform certain interpretations in integrated practices.
207L00000X	Internal Medicine	Hospitalists or internists may order the study and participate in management decisions.
208D00000X	Diagnostic Radiology	Diagnostic radiologists interpret and consult on V/Q imaging when nuclear medicine is within diagnostic radiology services.

Related Diagnoses

ICD-10 Code	Description	Clinical Relevance
`I26.99`	Other pulmonary embolism without acute cor pulmonale	Pulmonary embolism is the primary indication for quantitative V/Q scanning to detect perfusion defects.
`I26.90`	Pulmonary embolism without acute cor pulmonale, unspecified	Used when PE is suspected but not further specified; V/Q study helps confirm or exclude PE.
`J44.9`	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, unspecified	COPD patients may undergo V/Q to evaluate ventilation–perfusion mismatch contributing to dyspnea.
`R06.02`	Shortness of breath	Symptom code commonly associated with ordering V/Q scans in diagnostic evaluation.
`R09.89`	Other specified symptoms and signs involving the circulatory and respiratory systems	Used for atypical respiratory symptoms prompting diagnostic imaging including V/Q studies.
`Z86.718`	Personal history of pulmonary embolism	Prior PE history may necessitate perfusion/ventilation quantification for recurrent disease assessment.
`O99.89`	Other specified diseases and conditions complicating pregnancy, not elsewhere classified	Special consideration in pregnancy when V/Q may be preferred over CT for radiation dose considerations.

Related CPT Codes

CPT Code	Description	Relationship to This Procedure
`71020`	Radiologic examination, chest, 2 views	Often used before or after V/Q studies to assess chest anatomy or alternative causes of symptoms.
`71260`	Computed tomography, thorax; with contrast material(s)	CT pulmonary angiography is a common adjunct or alternative when V/Q results are nondiagnostic or when anatomic detail is required.
`78800`	Radiopharmaceutical therapy/diagnostic; administration (intravenous)	Covers intravenous administration of radiopharmaceuticals such as Tc-99m MAA used in the perfusion component (note: billing conventions vary by facility).
`88361`	Pathology consultation/quantitative immunohistochemistry — note: not typically used for imaging	Data not applicable; included only if ancillary quantitative tissue analysis is performed, which is uncommon.
`71010`	Chest radiograph, single view	May be ordered as an initial imaging screen in the workflow prior to V/Q scanning.

CPT 78579: Pulmonary Ventilation Imaging (Nuclear Scan)

CPT-78580-PULMONARY-PERFUSION-NUCLEAR-IMAGING

CPT 78580: Pulmonary Perfusion Nuclear Imaging

CPT-78582-PULMONARY-VENTILATION-AND-PERFUSION-NUCLEAR-SCAN

CPT 78582: Pulmonary Ventilation and Perfusion Nuclear Scan

CPT-78597-PULMONARY-PERFUSION-QUANTITATIVE-NUCLEAR-SCAN

CPT 78597: Pulmonary Perfusion Quantitative Nuclear Scan

CPT-78599-UNLISTED-RESPIRATORY-NUCLEAR-MEDICINE-PROCEDURE

CPT 78599: Unlisted Respiratory Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine Procedure

Frequently Asked Questions

References

1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.
2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.
3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.

Published by

Trek Health powers OpenPayer with a leading commercial payer intelligence platform, seamlessly converting fragmented payer data into actionable insights for provider organizations.

Trek Health ingests and normalizes Transparency in Coverage data and payer policy updates to give provider organizations a clear view of how commercial reimbursement behaves across markets, payers, and services. Our platform transforms raw payer disclosures into structured intelligence that supports contract evaluation, payer negotiations, and service line strategy. By combining market benchmarks with ongoing policy visibility, Trek helps teams identify variability, risk, and opportunity in commercial reimbursement. The result is faster insight, stronger negotiating positions, and more informed financial decisions.

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Modifier	Description	When to Use
`26`	Professional component	Use when billing only the physician interpretation/reporting component separate from technical services.
`TC`	Technical component	Use when billing only the technical component (equipment, technologist, radiopharmaceuticals).
`50`	Bilateral procedure	Rarely used for imaging; generally not applicable but may appear if payer requires bilateral modifier for comparative reporting.
`52`	Reduced services	Use when the study is partially completed or limited (e.g., patient unable to complete full image set).
`53`	Discontinued procedure	Use if the study is started but discontinued due to patient instability or adverse reaction.
`59`	Note: `59` is NOT in provided list; do not include.	Data not applicable.
`22`	Increased procedural services	Use when documentation supports substantially greater physician work (complex interpretation or additional quantitative analysis).
`23`	Unusual anesthesia	Rare for V/Q scans; use only if unusual anesthesia was required and documented.
`52`	Reduced services	Duplicate entry avoided; see above.
`78`	Unplanned return to the operating/procedure room	Not typically applicable for nuclear medicine; reserve for procedural re-entry if required.
`80`	Assistant surgeon	Not applicable to imaging procedures; included only if facility-specific billing requires.

Taxonomy Code	Specialty	Notes
2085R0200X	Nuclear Medicine	Primary specialty performing and interpreting ventilation–perfusion scans.
208000000X	Radiology	Radiologists with nuclear medicine expertise frequently perform interpretation.
207K00000X	Pulmonary Disease	Pulmonologists commonly refer and may perform certain interpretations in integrated practices.
207L00000X	Internal Medicine	Hospitalists or internists may order the study and participate in management decisions.
208D00000X	Diagnostic Radiology	Diagnostic radiologists interpret and consult on V/Q imaging when nuclear medicine is within diagnostic radiology services.

Related Diagnoses

ICD-10 Code	Description	Clinical Relevance
`I26.99`	Other pulmonary embolism without acute cor pulmonale	Pulmonary embolism is the primary indication for quantitative V/Q scanning to detect perfusion defects.
`I26.90`	Pulmonary embolism without acute cor pulmonale, unspecified	Used when PE is suspected but not further specified; V/Q study helps confirm or exclude PE.
`J44.9`	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, unspecified	COPD patients may undergo V/Q to evaluate ventilation–perfusion mismatch contributing to dyspnea.
`R06.02`	Shortness of breath	Symptom code commonly associated with ordering V/Q scans in diagnostic evaluation.
`R09.89`	Other specified symptoms and signs involving the circulatory and respiratory systems	Used for atypical respiratory symptoms prompting diagnostic imaging including V/Q studies.
`Z86.718`	Personal history of pulmonary embolism	Prior PE history may necessitate perfusion/ventilation quantification for recurrent disease assessment.
`O99.89`	Other specified diseases and conditions complicating pregnancy, not elsewhere classified	Special consideration in pregnancy when V/Q may be preferred over CT for radiation dose considerations.

Related CPT Codes

CPT Code	Description	Relationship to This Procedure
`71020`	Radiologic examination, chest, 2 views	Often used before or after V/Q studies to assess chest anatomy or alternative causes of symptoms.
`71260`	Computed tomography, thorax; with contrast material(s)	CT pulmonary angiography is a common adjunct or alternative when V/Q results are nondiagnostic or when anatomic detail is required.
`78800`	Radiopharmaceutical therapy/diagnostic; administration (intravenous)	Covers intravenous administration of radiopharmaceuticals such as Tc-99m MAA used in the perfusion component (note: billing conventions vary by facility).
`88361`	Pathology consultation/quantitative immunohistochemistry — note: not typically used for imaging	Data not applicable; included only if ancillary quantitative tissue analysis is performed, which is uncommon.
`71010`	Chest radiograph, single view	May be ordered as an initial imaging screen in the workflow prior to V/Q scanning.

CPT 78579: Pulmonary Ventilation Imaging (Nuclear Scan)

CPT-78580-PULMONARY-PERFUSION-NUCLEAR-IMAGING

CPT 78580: Pulmonary Perfusion Nuclear Imaging

CPT-78582-PULMONARY-VENTILATION-AND-PERFUSION-NUCLEAR-SCAN

CPT 78582: Pulmonary Ventilation and Perfusion Nuclear Scan

CPT-78597-PULMONARY-PERFUSION-QUANTITATIVE-NUCLEAR-SCAN

CPT 78597: Pulmonary Perfusion Quantitative Nuclear Scan

CPT-78599-UNLISTED-RESPIRATORY-NUCLEAR-MEDICINE-PROCEDURE

CPT 78599: Unlisted Respiratory Diagnostic Nuclear Medicine Procedure

Frequently Asked Questions

References

1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.
2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.
3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.

Published by

Trek Health powers OpenPayer with a leading commercial payer intelligence platform, seamlessly converting fragmented payer data into actionable insights for provider organizations.

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CPT 78598: Pulmonary Ventilation and Perfusion Quantitative Scan

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Billing Code Overview

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CPT 78598: Pulmonary Ventilation and Perfusion Quantitative Scan

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Billing Code Overview

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

Related Codes

References

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

Related Codes

References

CPT 78598: Pulmonary Ventilation and Perfusion Quantitative Scan

Sign up for cpt 78598 policy alerts

Billing Code Overview

CPT 78598: Pulmonary Ventilation and Perfusion Quantitative Scan

Sign up for cpt 78598 policy alerts

Billing Code Overview

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

Related Codes

What clinical purpose does CPT 78598 serve and where is it typically performed?

Which billing modifiers apply to CPT 78598 and when should they be used?

Which other CPT codes commonly appear alongside CPT 78598 in the diagnostic workflow?

Which provider specialties and taxonomy codes are associated with CPT 78598?

What diagnosis codes are commonly associated with ordering a CPT 78598 V/Q study?

References

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

Related Codes

What clinical purpose does CPT 78598 serve and where is it typically performed?

Which billing modifiers apply to CPT 78598 and when should they be used?

Which other CPT codes commonly appear alongside CPT 78598 in the diagnostic workflow?

Which provider specialties and taxonomy codes are associated with CPT 78598?

What diagnosis codes are commonly associated with ordering a CPT 78598 V/Q study?

References