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    v1.0.30
    OpenPayerBilling CodesDiagnostic Nuclear Medicine Procedures on the Cardiovascular SystemCPT cpt-78445-angiography-venography-diagnostic-vascular-imaging
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    CPT 78445: Angiography/Venography Blood Flow Imaging

    Medicare pays $116 on average nationally for this procedure.

    CPT code 78445 describes an angiographic or venographic imaging procedure that obtains images of blood flow through vessels to identify vessel narrowing or vascular disease; the service is vascular angiography/venography imaging, typically performed in an interventional radiology suite, catheterization lab, or hospital imaging department using contrast angiography techniques to visualize arterial or venous circulation.

    For related coverage guidance, see recent payer policy updates: Automated Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring for Diagnosis of Hypertension in Patients with Elevated Office Blood Pressure, Cardiology - Ivabradine, Cardiac Computed Tomography (CCT)/Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography (CCTA).

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    Clinical & Coding Specifications

    Clinical Context

    A 68-year-old male with a history of peripheral arterial disease and progressive left calf claudication is referred for diagnostic vascular imaging to evaluate suspected arterial stenosis. The interventional radiology team schedules an outpatient angiographic study to visualize arterial blood flow in the lower extremity and identify focal narrowing or occlusion. The patient arrives fasting, consents to intravascular contrast administration, and is prepped in a vascular procedure suite. Under local anesthesia with conscious sedation, arterial access is obtained (commonly via the common femoral artery). Digital subtraction angiography is performed with selective catheterization and contrast injections to image vessel segments and collateral circulation. Images are reviewed in real time by the physician to determine degree and location of stenosis; images are archived for the medical record. If a significant lesion is identified, a subsequent therapeutic procedure (such as balloon angioplasty or stent placement) may be planned during the same visit or scheduled separately.

    Related CPT Codes

    CPT CodeDescriptionRelationship to This Procedure
    93458Catheter placement, arterial, with selective coronary imaging, when performed; diagnosticData not available in the input.
    93978Duplex scan of arterial inflow and outflow of abdominal, pelvic, flank, or lower extremity arteries; complete bilateral studyCommon noninvasive imaging often performed before angiography to localize disease and plan angiographic access.
    37220Revascularization, endovascular, open or percutaneous; transluminal angioplasty, initial vesselTherapeutic procedure commonly performed during the same session or following diagnostic angiography if intervention is indicated.
    75710Angiography, extremity, unilateral, radiological supervision and interpretationAlternative diagnostic angiography code for peripheral vessel imaging; may be used depending on payer and specific vascular territory.
    76000Fluoroscopic guidance; initial radiological supervision and interpretationImaging guidance code commonly reported in conjunction with angiographic procedures for continuous fluoroscopic imaging.

    Related Modifiers

    9 rows

    ModifierDescriptionWhen to Use
    26Modifier 26 (Professional Component) identifies and bills only the professional portion of a split service — the physician’s interpretation, report, and medical judgment — when the technical…- Use CPT Modifier -26 when you are billing only the professional component (PC) of a split‑bill eligible service—i.e., you performed the physician interpretation, medical judgment and prepared a…
    52Modifier ‑52 (Reduced Services) indicates that a service or procedure was partially reduced or omitted at the provider’s discretion, allowing reporting of the basic procedure number with a qualifier…- Use modifier -52 when a physician or qualified health professional electively reduces or omits part of a procedure or service (for example, performing fewer required views or omitting a portion of…
    53Modifier 53 (Discontinued Procedure) signals that a surgical or diagnostic service was begun by the physician but terminated because of extenuating circumstances that threatened the patient’s…- Use modifier -53 when a physician/qualified healthcare professional has started a surgical or diagnostic procedure (e.g., anesthesia administered, incision or scope insertion) and then discontinues…
    78CPT modifier -78 indicates an unplanned, related return to the operating or procedure room by the same provider during the global postoperative period. It is appended when treatment for a…- Use modifier -78 when an unplanned, related complication during the original procedure’s global postoperative period requires the patient to return to a formal operating or procedure room and the…
    59Modifier 59 indicates a distinct procedural service when two procedures that are not normally billed together are clinically and procedurally separate. The CPT definition (as reiterated by CMS)…- Use modifier -59 to report a distinct procedural service when documentation supports that the procedure reported is not normally billed together with another service on the same day because of a…
    76Modifier -76, Repeat Procedure or Service by Same Physician or Other Qualified Health Care Professional, is appended when the same provider performs an identical, medically necessary procedure or…- Use modifier -76 when the same physician or other qualified health care professional performs an identical procedure or service a second (or subsequent) time on the same date of service and the…
    50Modifier –50 (Bilateral Procedure) is appended to a CPT code when an identical procedure is performed on paired anatomical structures during the same operative session. The AMA states to add…- Use modifier -50 when the same CPT surgical, diagnostic, or radiology procedure is performed on paired anatomical structures (both sides of the body) during the same operative/session by the same…
    62Modifier 62 indicates that two surgeons function as co‑surgeons, each performing distinct parts of the same primary surgical procedure. It is appended to the primary procedure code (and any…- Use modifier -62 when two surgeons act as co‑surgeons (both primary surgeons) on a single definitive primary procedure, each performing distinct parts of the same surgical procedure (append -62 to…
    80CPT® Modifier 80 (Assistant Surgeon) is appended to a surgical CPT code when a physician (MD or DO) provides full, continuous assistance throughout the operative procedure. It is intended only for…- Use CPT Modifier -80 when a physician (MD or DO) serves as an assistant surgeon and provides full, continuous assistance throughout the entire operative procedure; append -80 to the surgical CPT…

    Related Provider Taxonomies

    8 rows

    Taxonomy Code
    207RH0000X
    208800000X
    207RC0001X
    374U00000X
    207RA0001X
    208U00000X
    171W00000X
    225600000X

    Related Payer Policy Updates

    Specialty: Cardiology1 / 2

    10 rows

    PolicyPayerEffective Date
    Automated Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring for Diagnosis of Hypertension in Patients with Elevated Office Blood PressureBluecross Idaho2026-11-01
    Cardiology - IvabradineCigna2026-10-15
    Cardiac Computed Tomography (CCT)/Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography (CCTA)univerahealthcare2026-10-15
    Percutaneous Ventricular Assist DeviceUnitedHealthcare2026-10-01
    Cardiovascular Disease Risk AssessmentOscar Health2026-10-01
    Biomarkers for Myocardial Infarction and Chronic Heart FailureOscar Health2026-10-01
    Multiple Procedure Payment Reduction for Diagnostic Cardiovascular ProceduresBlue Cross Blue Shield - Maine2026-10-01
    Left Atrial Appendage Closure Devicesexcellus_health_plan_inc2026-09-17
    Left Atrial Appendage Closure Devicesuniverahealthcare2026-09-17
    Cardiac Omnibus CodesCigna2026-09-15

    Related Codes

    CPT-78414-CARDIAC-PERFUSION-BLOOD-FLOW-ASSESSMENT

    CPT 78414: Cardiac Perfusion and Ejection Fraction Assessment

    CPT-78428-LEFT-TO-RIGHT-CARDIAC-SHUNT-DETECTION

    CPT 78428: Detection of Left-to-Right Cardiac Shunt

    CPT-78429-PET-MYOCARDIAL-IMAGING-PET-CT-MYOCARDIUM-FUNCTION

    CPT 78429: PET Myocardial Imaging, Single Study

    CPT-78430-PET-MYOCARDIAL-PERFUSION-IMAGING-REST-OR-STRESS

    CPT 78430: PET Myocardial Perfusion Imaging with CT

    CPT-78431-PET-MYOCARDIAL-PERFUSION-IMAGING-REST-AND-STRESS

    CPT 78431: PET Myocardial Perfusion with CT Transmission, Rest and Stress

    CPT-78432-PET-MYOCARDIAL-PERFUSION-METABOLIC-VIABILITY

    CPT 78432: PET Myocardial Perfusion and Viability Imaging

    CPT-78433-PET-MYOCARDIAL-PERFUSION-METABOLIC-IMAGING-CT

    CPT 78433: PET Myocardial Imaging for Perfusion and Metabolism

    CPT-78434-PET-MYOCARDIAL-PERFUSION-REST-AND-STRESS

    CPT 78434: PET Myocardial Blood Flow Study, Rest and Stress

    CPT-78451-SINGLE-SPECT-MYOCARDIAL-PERFUSION-STUDY

    CPT 78451: Myocardial Perfusion SPECT, Single Study

    CPT-78452-CARDIAC-PERFUSION-SPECT-MULTIPLE-STUDIES

    CPT 78452: Myocardial Perfusion SPECT, Multiple Studies

    Showing 1–10 of 28

    Frequently Asked Questions

    References

    1. 1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.Maintains the CPT code set's official descriptions and guidelines, licensed from the American Medical Association, used as the definitional source for CPT codes on this page.
    2. 2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's quarterly release of HCPCS Level II codes and short/long descriptors, the source for HCPCS code definitions and update history.
    3. 3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's complete ICD-10-CM diagnosis code list, used to cross-reference diagnosis codes associated with this procedure or service.
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