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CPT 33288: Phrenic Nerve Stimulator Lead Removal and Replacement

CPT code 33288 covers removal and replacement of one or more phrenic nerve stimulator leads, including vessel catheterization, imaging guidance, and device interrogation/programming when performed. This procedure is clinically important for patients receiving diaphragmatic pacing to manage respiratory insufficiency; lead revision can restore device function, reduce complications, and prevent hospitalization. Nationally, use of this code reflects management of implanted neurostimulation systems for respiratory support and factors into hospital and ambulatory surgical center utilization patterns.

Key payers in this analysis include Aetna, Blue Cross Blue Shield, Cigna Health, UnitedHealthcare, and Medicare. Readers will find an overview of the code's clinical context, common settings where the service is delivered, and benchmarking considerations used by major commercial and public payers. The publication also summarizes typical clinical circumstances prompting lead revision, documentation elements that support coding, and common modifiers used in practice. Data availability notes: where specific payer policies, coverage edits, or utilization metrics are not provided in the input, the report indicates "Data not available in the input."

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Billing Code Overview

CPT code 33288 describes the removal and replacement of a phrenic nerve stimulator system lead or leads. The service includes all necessary vessel catheterization, imaging guidance, and device interrogation and programming when performed. This procedure involves surgical revision of an implanted neurostimulation lead used to stimulate the phrenic nerve for respiratory pacing.

Service type: Lead revision and replacement of implanted neurostimulation system

Typical site of service: Hospital operating room or outpatient surgical center (procedure room) with imaging support

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CPT 33288: Phrenic Nerve Stimulator Lead Removal and Replacement

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Billing Code Overview

Service type: Lead revision and replacement of implanted neurostimulation system

Typical site of service: Hospital operating room or outpatient surgical center (procedure room) with imaging support

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

A typical patient is a 55-year-old individual with chronic, refractory central hypoventilation or high cervical spinal cord injury who previously had a phrenic nerve stimulator implanted to improve diaphragmatic pacing. The patient presents with lead malfunction, fracture, migration, infection at the pocket site, loss of stimulation capture, or worsening ventilatory support requiring revision. Clinical workflow begins with preoperative evaluation including device interrogation, chest imaging (fluoroscopy or chest radiograph), pulmonary and anesthetic assessment, and informed consent. In the operating suite or electrophysiology lab, the provider removes the malfunctioning phrenic nerve stimulator lead(s) and replaces them with new lead(s) under imaging guidance. Intraoperative device interrogation and programming are performed to confirm diaphragmatic capture and appropriate stimulation thresholds. Postoperative care includes device function checks, wound care, respiratory monitoring, and follow-up programming adjustments as needed. Typical site of service is an ambulatory surgery center, hospital outpatient department, or inpatient operating room depending on clinical complexity and patient stability. Service type is a surgical revision/replacement of an implanted neurostimulation lead system for diaphragm pacing.

Coding Specifications

Modifier	Description	When to Use
`00`	No modifier (standard)	Use when no special modifier condition applies and the service is billed as usual.
`22`	Increased procedural services	Use when work required is substantially greater than typically required for `33288` (document reasons for increased complexity).
`23`	Unusual anesthesia	Use when general anesthesia is administered for a procedure that normally requires local or no anesthesia.
`50`	Bilateral procedure	Generally not applicable to lead replacement but use if procedure is performed bilaterally and payer accepts bilateral reporting.
`51`	Multiple procedures	Use when multiple distinct procedures are billed on the same day in addition to `33288`.
`52`	Reduced services	Use when the procedure is partially reduced or not completed as documented (e.g., attempted replacement aborted).
`53`	Discontinued procedure	Use when procedure was started but terminated due to extenuating circumstances (patient instability, anesthesia issue).
`62`	Two surgeons	Use when two surgeons of different specialties perform distinct portions of the procedure concurrently.
`63`	Procedure performed on infants less than 4 kg	Not common for adult phrenic nerve stimulators but applicable for neonatal cases when weight-based modifier policy applies.
`78`	Unplanned return to operating room by same physician following initial procedure	Use if patient returns to the OR for a related procedure during the postoperative period.
`80`	Assistant surgeon	Use when an assistant surgeon performs part of the procedure.
`81`	Minimum assistant surgeon	Use when minimal assistance is required and payer recognizes `81`.
`82`	Assistant surgeon when qualified resident not available	Use when a non-physician resident or assistant provides assistance because a qualified resident is unavailable.
`76`	Repeat procedure by same physician (not in provided list)	Data not available in the input.

Taxonomy Code	Specialty	Notes
207RH0000X	Thoracic Surgery	Thoracic surgeons perform lead placement/revision when pulmonary or diaphragmatic considerations predominate.
2084P0800X	Cardiac Electrophysiology	Electrophysiologists manage implantable neurostimulation systems and device programming.
208000000X	General Surgery	General surgeons may perform lead revisions in centers where thoracic specialists are not required.
2086S0122X	Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation	PM&R physicians may be involved in patient selection and follow-up for diaphragm pacing patients.
207LP2900X	Pulmonology	Pulmonologists manage respiratory function and perioperative ventilatory care related to the phrenic nerve stimulator.

Related Diagnoses

ICD-10 Code	Description	Clinical Relevance
`G82.50`	Paraplegia, unspecified	High spinal cord injury may cause respiratory insufficiency requiring diaphragmatic pacing and lead revision.
`G82.20`	Quadriplegia, unspecified	Cervical spinal cord injury with compromised diaphragm function prompting phrenic nerve stimulation management.
`G97.3`	Postprocedural respiratory failure	May necessitate device revision for inadequate ventilatory support from the stimulator.
`J96.00`	Acute respiratory failure, unspecified whether with hypoxia or hypercapnia	Acute deterioration where phrenic nerve stimulator leads are evaluated/revised to restore ventilation.
`T82.7XXA`	Infection and inflammatory reaction due to other cardiac and vascular devices, implants and grafts, initial encounter	Pocket or lead infection requiring removal and replacement of phrenic nerve stimulator leads.
`R06.83`	Hypoventilation	Chronic hypoventilation disorders are an indication for diaphragm pacing and potential lead revision.
`G70.00`	Myasthenia gravis without (acute) exacerbation	Neuromuscular respiratory weakness sometimes managed with diaphragm pacing; lead issues may require revision.
`Z45.02`	Encounter for adjustment and management of implanted neurostimulator (diaphragm)	Used for follow-up management, interrogation, and programming related to device lead replacement.

Related CPT Codes

CPT Code	Description	Relationship to This Procedure
`33288`	Removal and replacement of phrenic nerve stimulator lead or leads; includes vessel catheterization, imaging guidance, and interrogation/programming if performed	Primary procedure describing lead removal and replacement.
`33289`	Insertion or replacement of phrenic nerve stimulator pulse generator or receiver	Performed when the pulse generator requires replacement at the same or separate encounter.
`95970`	Electronic analysis of implanted neurostimulator pulse generator system (without reprogramming); with simple or complex analysis as described	Used for device interrogation and baseline function testing pre- or post-revision; programming may be billed separately when performed.
`95971`	Electronic analysis of implanted neurostimulator pulse generator system (with reprogramming)	Used when intraoperative or postoperative reprogramming of the stimulator is performed.
`71045`	Radiologic examination, chest; single view, frontal	Preoperative or postoperative chest radiograph to evaluate lead position or pneumothorax.
`93750`	Cardiovascular stress test (not specific)	Data not available in the input.

Note: Where specific related CPTs were not provided in the input, commonly associated codes for device interrogation, pulse generator replacement, and chest imaging are listed as clinically relevant to the workflow around 33288.

CPT 33278: Phrenic Nerve Stimulator Removal, Pulse Generator and Leads

CPT-33287-PHRENIC-NERVE-STIMULATOR-GENERATOR-REPLACEMENT

CPT 33287: Phrenic Nerve Stimulator Pulse Generator Removal and Replacement

References

1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.Maintains the CPT code set's official descriptions and guidelines, licensed from the American Medical Association, used as the definitional source for CPT codes on this page.
2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's quarterly release of HCPCS Level II codes and short/long descriptors, the source for HCPCS code definitions and update history.
3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's complete ICD-10-CM diagnosis code list, used to cross-reference diagnosis codes associated with this procedure or service.

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Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Modifier	Description	When to Use
`00`	No modifier (standard)	Use when no special modifier condition applies and the service is billed as usual.
`22`	Increased procedural services	Use when work required is substantially greater than typically required for `33288` (document reasons for increased complexity).
`23`	Unusual anesthesia	Use when general anesthesia is administered for a procedure that normally requires local or no anesthesia.
`50`	Bilateral procedure	Generally not applicable to lead replacement but use if procedure is performed bilaterally and payer accepts bilateral reporting.
`51`	Multiple procedures	Use when multiple distinct procedures are billed on the same day in addition to `33288`.
`52`	Reduced services	Use when the procedure is partially reduced or not completed as documented (e.g., attempted replacement aborted).
`53`	Discontinued procedure	Use when procedure was started but terminated due to extenuating circumstances (patient instability, anesthesia issue).
`62`	Two surgeons	Use when two surgeons of different specialties perform distinct portions of the procedure concurrently.
`63`	Procedure performed on infants less than 4 kg	Not common for adult phrenic nerve stimulators but applicable for neonatal cases when weight-based modifier policy applies.
`78`	Unplanned return to operating room by same physician following initial procedure	Use if patient returns to the OR for a related procedure during the postoperative period.
`80`	Assistant surgeon	Use when an assistant surgeon performs part of the procedure.
`81`	Minimum assistant surgeon	Use when minimal assistance is required and payer recognizes `81`.
`82`	Assistant surgeon when qualified resident not available	Use when a non-physician resident or assistant provides assistance because a qualified resident is unavailable.
`76`	Repeat procedure by same physician (not in provided list)	Data not available in the input.

Taxonomy Code	Specialty	Notes
207RH0000X	Thoracic Surgery	Thoracic surgeons perform lead placement/revision when pulmonary or diaphragmatic considerations predominate.
2084P0800X	Cardiac Electrophysiology	Electrophysiologists manage implantable neurostimulation systems and device programming.
208000000X	General Surgery	General surgeons may perform lead revisions in centers where thoracic specialists are not required.
2086S0122X	Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation	PM&R physicians may be involved in patient selection and follow-up for diaphragm pacing patients.
207LP2900X	Pulmonology	Pulmonologists manage respiratory function and perioperative ventilatory care related to the phrenic nerve stimulator.

Related Diagnoses

ICD-10 Code	Description	Clinical Relevance
`G82.50`	Paraplegia, unspecified	High spinal cord injury may cause respiratory insufficiency requiring diaphragmatic pacing and lead revision.
`G82.20`	Quadriplegia, unspecified	Cervical spinal cord injury with compromised diaphragm function prompting phrenic nerve stimulation management.
`G97.3`	Postprocedural respiratory failure	May necessitate device revision for inadequate ventilatory support from the stimulator.
`J96.00`	Acute respiratory failure, unspecified whether with hypoxia or hypercapnia	Acute deterioration where phrenic nerve stimulator leads are evaluated/revised to restore ventilation.
`T82.7XXA`	Infection and inflammatory reaction due to other cardiac and vascular devices, implants and grafts, initial encounter	Pocket or lead infection requiring removal and replacement of phrenic nerve stimulator leads.
`R06.83`	Hypoventilation	Chronic hypoventilation disorders are an indication for diaphragm pacing and potential lead revision.
`G70.00`	Myasthenia gravis without (acute) exacerbation	Neuromuscular respiratory weakness sometimes managed with diaphragm pacing; lead issues may require revision.
`Z45.02`	Encounter for adjustment and management of implanted neurostimulator (diaphragm)	Used for follow-up management, interrogation, and programming related to device lead replacement.

Related CPT Codes

CPT Code	Description	Relationship to This Procedure
`33288`	Removal and replacement of phrenic nerve stimulator lead or leads; includes vessel catheterization, imaging guidance, and interrogation/programming if performed	Primary procedure describing lead removal and replacement.
`33289`	Insertion or replacement of phrenic nerve stimulator pulse generator or receiver	Performed when the pulse generator requires replacement at the same or separate encounter.
`95970`	Electronic analysis of implanted neurostimulator pulse generator system (without reprogramming); with simple or complex analysis as described	Used for device interrogation and baseline function testing pre- or post-revision; programming may be billed separately when performed.
`95971`	Electronic analysis of implanted neurostimulator pulse generator system (with reprogramming)	Used when intraoperative or postoperative reprogramming of the stimulator is performed.
`71045`	Radiologic examination, chest; single view, frontal	Preoperative or postoperative chest radiograph to evaluate lead position or pneumothorax.
`93750`	Cardiovascular stress test (not specific)	Data not available in the input.

CPT 33278: Phrenic Nerve Stimulator Removal, Pulse Generator and Leads

CPT-33287-PHRENIC-NERVE-STIMULATOR-GENERATOR-REPLACEMENT

CPT 33287: Phrenic Nerve Stimulator Pulse Generator Removal and Replacement

References

1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.Maintains the CPT code set's official descriptions and guidelines, licensed from the American Medical Association, used as the definitional source for CPT codes on this page.
2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's quarterly release of HCPCS Level II codes and short/long descriptors, the source for HCPCS code definitions and update history.
3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's complete ICD-10-CM diagnosis code list, used to cross-reference diagnosis codes associated with this procedure or service.

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CPT 33288: Phrenic Nerve Stimulator Lead Removal and Replacement

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Billing Code Overview

OpenPayer

CPT 33288: Phrenic Nerve Stimulator Lead Removal and Replacement

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Billing Code Overview

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

Related Codes

References

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

Related Codes

References