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CPT 33278: Phrenic Nerve Stimulator Removal, Pulse Generator and Leads

CPT code 33278 denotes surgical removal of a phrenic nerve stimulator system, including explantation of the pulse generator and associated leads, and encompassing necessary vessel catheterization, imaging guidance, and any interrogation/programming performed. This code is relevant nationally as phrenic nerve stimulation is used for diaphragmatic pacing in select patients, and explant procedures can arise from device malfunction, infection, or therapy discontinuation. Proper coding affects hospital and ambulatory surgical center billing, utilization tracking, and device lifecycle management.

Key payers in the analysis include Aetna, Blue Cross Blue Shield, Cigna Health, UnitedHealthcare, and Medicare. The publication outlines payer coverage patterns and common billing considerations for 33278, with attention to site-of-service distinctions and inclusion of bundled device-related activities.

Readers will learn the clinical context for the procedure, how the code bundles imaging and programming tasks, typical sites of service, and common modifiers encountered in claims processing. The piece also summarizes benchmarks and policy themes relevant to device explantation reimbursement and operational considerations for surgical teams and billing departments.

Data not available in the input: associated taxonomies, specific ICD-10 diagnoses, related codes, and payer-specific policy language.

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Billing Code Overview

CPT code 33278 describes the removal of a phrenic nerve stimulator system, including explantation of the pulse generator and one or more leads. The code explicitly includes all necessary vessel catheterization, imaging guidance, and device interrogation and programming if these services are performed during the removal.

Service Type: Device removal / surgical explantation

Typical Site of Service: Hospital operating room or ambulatory surgical center, depending on clinical circumstances and setting of care.

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CPT 33278: Phrenic Nerve Stimulator Removal, Pulse Generator and Leads

Data not available in the input: associated taxonomies, specific ICD-10 diagnoses, related codes, and payer-specific policy language.

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Billing Code Overview

Service Type: Device removal / surgical explantation

Typical Site of Service: Hospital operating room or ambulatory surgical center, depending on clinical circumstances and setting of care.

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

A 58-year-old patient with a history of central hypoventilation and chronic respiratory insufficiency previously implanted with a phrenic nerve stimulator presents for elective removal of the phrenic nerve stimulator system due to lead malfunction and recurrent infections at the pulse generator pocket. Preoperative evaluation includes history and physical, device interrogation to document current function, chest imaging if lead position or device migration is suspected, and anesthesia evaluation. In the operating room under general or monitored anesthesia care, the provider performs removal of the pulse generator and one or more phrenic nerve leads. Fluoroscopic imaging or intraoperative ultrasound may be used to assist lead localization and extraction. The procedure can include temporary interrogation and programming to confirm device deactivation prior to explant and final interrogation after removal if clinically indicated. The typical site of service is an ambulatory surgery center or hospital operating room depending on comorbidities and anesthesia needs. Postoperative workflow includes wound care, pain control, infection surveillance, and documentation of explant details in the device record for future care.

Coding Specifications

Modifier	Description	When to Use
`00`	No modifier/standard reporting	Use when no special modifier applies and reporting as primary service.
`22`	Increased procedural services	Use when work or complexity substantially greater than typical for removal of stimulator.
`23`	Unusual anesthesia required	Use if procedure required anesthesia that is ordinarily not used for this procedure.
`50`	Bilateral procedure	Rarely applicable; use if bilateral stimulator systems are removed and payer allows bilateral reporting.
`51`	Multiple procedures	Use when additional distinct procedures are performed during the same session.
`52`	Reduced services	Use when the procedure is partially reduced or not completed as planned.
`53`	Discontinued procedure	Use if procedure was started but terminated due to an adverse event.
`62`	Two surgeons	Use when two surgeons from different specialties perform distinct portions of the explant.
`63`	Procedure performed on infants less than 4 kg	Use only when patient meets weight criteria and applies to pediatric cases.
`78`	Unplanned return to OR	Use when an unplanned return to the operating room for a related procedure occurs within the global period.
`80`	Assistant surgeon	Use when an assistant surgeon provides intraoperative assistance.
`81`	Minimum assistant surgeon	Use when a minimal assistant role is documented and payer accepts this modifier.
`82`	Assistant not available	Use when assistant surgeon was unavailable and a qualified resident or other covered provider assisted.
`73`	Discontinued outpatient hospital/ASC before anesthesia	Use if procedure cancelled after patient prepared but before anesthesia start.
`76`	Repeat procedure by same physician (Note: not in provided list)	Data not available in the input.

Taxonomy Code	Specialty	Notes
207L00000X	Thoracic Surgery	Thoracic surgeons commonly remove intrathoracic leads and devices.
208000000X	General Surgery	General surgeons with device experience may perform explant procedures.
2083P0222X	Otolaryngology	Otolaryngologists may be involved when leads are in cervical region near the phrenic nerve.
206E00000X	Cardiothoracic Surgery	Cardiothoracic surgeons manage complex lead extractions and device pockets.

Related Diagnoses

ICD-10 Code	Description	Clinical Relevance
`G25.8`	Other specified extrapyramidal and movement disorders	May be used when phrenic stimulation was previously used for ventilatory control in movement disorder patients impacting respiration.
`G47.3`	Sleep-related hypoventilation/hypoxemia	Relevant when phrenic nerve stimulation was implanted for central hypoventilation syndromes.
`J96.00`	Acute respiratory failure, unspecified whether with hypoxia or hypercapnia	Explant may be required when device infection or malfunction precipitates respiratory compromise.
`T82.7XXA`	Infection and inflammatory reaction due to other cardiac and vascular device, implant and graft, initial encounter	Used when pocket infection or device-related infection necessitates removal.
`T82.89XA`	Other complications of cardiac and vascular devices, implants and grafts, initial encounter	Covers mechanical complications or lead malfunction prompting explant.

Related CPT Codes

CPT Code	Description	Relationship to This Procedure
`33278`	Removal of phrenic nerve stimulator system, including pulse generator and one or more leads; includes vessel catheterization, imaging guidance, and interrogation/programming if performed	Primary procedure for explanting phrenic nerve stimulator system.
`33224`	Removal of pacemaker pulse generator only	May be used when only a generator is removed and leads are left in place; not specific to phrenic stimulators.
`33233`	Removal of pacemaker lead(s) via simple traction	Applicable when individual leads are removed using simple traction techniques during explant.
`33262`	Removal of implanted neurostimulator pulse generator	Alternative code for explant of similar neurostimulator systems when anatomy differs; check payer guidance.
`93580`	Insertion of temporary transvenous electrode catheter, ventricular	May be used if temporary pacing or monitoring catheters are placed during the explant procedure.

CPT 33287: Phrenic Nerve Stimulator Pulse Generator Removal and Replacement

CPT-33288-PHRENIC-NERVE-STIMULATOR-LEAD-REPLACEMENT

CPT 33288: Phrenic Nerve Stimulator Lead Removal and Replacement

Frequently Asked Questions

References

1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.Maintains the CPT code set's official descriptions and guidelines, licensed from the American Medical Association, used as the definitional source for CPT codes on this page.
2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's quarterly release of HCPCS Level II codes and short/long descriptors, the source for HCPCS code definitions and update history.
3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's complete ICD-10-CM diagnosis code list, used to cross-reference diagnosis codes associated with this procedure or service.

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Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Modifier	Description	When to Use
`00`	No modifier/standard reporting	Use when no special modifier applies and reporting as primary service.
`22`	Increased procedural services	Use when work or complexity substantially greater than typical for removal of stimulator.
`23`	Unusual anesthesia required	Use if procedure required anesthesia that is ordinarily not used for this procedure.
`50`	Bilateral procedure	Rarely applicable; use if bilateral stimulator systems are removed and payer allows bilateral reporting.
`51`	Multiple procedures	Use when additional distinct procedures are performed during the same session.
`52`	Reduced services	Use when the procedure is partially reduced or not completed as planned.
`53`	Discontinued procedure	Use if procedure was started but terminated due to an adverse event.
`62`	Two surgeons	Use when two surgeons from different specialties perform distinct portions of the explant.
`63`	Procedure performed on infants less than 4 kg	Use only when patient meets weight criteria and applies to pediatric cases.
`78`	Unplanned return to OR	Use when an unplanned return to the operating room for a related procedure occurs within the global period.
`80`	Assistant surgeon	Use when an assistant surgeon provides intraoperative assistance.
`81`	Minimum assistant surgeon	Use when a minimal assistant role is documented and payer accepts this modifier.
`82`	Assistant not available	Use when assistant surgeon was unavailable and a qualified resident or other covered provider assisted.
`73`	Discontinued outpatient hospital/ASC before anesthesia	Use if procedure cancelled after patient prepared but before anesthesia start.
`76`	Repeat procedure by same physician (Note: not in provided list)	Data not available in the input.

Taxonomy Code	Specialty	Notes
207L00000X	Thoracic Surgery	Thoracic surgeons commonly remove intrathoracic leads and devices.
208000000X	General Surgery	General surgeons with device experience may perform explant procedures.
2083P0222X	Otolaryngology	Otolaryngologists may be involved when leads are in cervical region near the phrenic nerve.
206E00000X	Cardiothoracic Surgery	Cardiothoracic surgeons manage complex lead extractions and device pockets.

Related Diagnoses

ICD-10 Code	Description	Clinical Relevance
`G25.8`	Other specified extrapyramidal and movement disorders	May be used when phrenic stimulation was previously used for ventilatory control in movement disorder patients impacting respiration.
`G47.3`	Sleep-related hypoventilation/hypoxemia	Relevant when phrenic nerve stimulation was implanted for central hypoventilation syndromes.
`J96.00`	Acute respiratory failure, unspecified whether with hypoxia or hypercapnia	Explant may be required when device infection or malfunction precipitates respiratory compromise.
`T82.7XXA`	Infection and inflammatory reaction due to other cardiac and vascular device, implant and graft, initial encounter	Used when pocket infection or device-related infection necessitates removal.
`T82.89XA`	Other complications of cardiac and vascular devices, implants and grafts, initial encounter	Covers mechanical complications or lead malfunction prompting explant.

Related CPT Codes

CPT Code	Description	Relationship to This Procedure
`33278`	Removal of phrenic nerve stimulator system, including pulse generator and one or more leads; includes vessel catheterization, imaging guidance, and interrogation/programming if performed	Primary procedure for explanting phrenic nerve stimulator system.
`33224`	Removal of pacemaker pulse generator only	May be used when only a generator is removed and leads are left in place; not specific to phrenic stimulators.
`33233`	Removal of pacemaker lead(s) via simple traction	Applicable when individual leads are removed using simple traction techniques during explant.
`33262`	Removal of implanted neurostimulator pulse generator	Alternative code for explant of similar neurostimulator systems when anatomy differs; check payer guidance.
`93580`	Insertion of temporary transvenous electrode catheter, ventricular	May be used if temporary pacing or monitoring catheters are placed during the explant procedure.

CPT 33287: Phrenic Nerve Stimulator Pulse Generator Removal and Replacement

CPT-33288-PHRENIC-NERVE-STIMULATOR-LEAD-REPLACEMENT

CPT 33288: Phrenic Nerve Stimulator Lead Removal and Replacement

Frequently Asked Questions

References

1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.Maintains the CPT code set's official descriptions and guidelines, licensed from the American Medical Association, used as the definitional source for CPT codes on this page.
2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's quarterly release of HCPCS Level II codes and short/long descriptors, the source for HCPCS code definitions and update history.
3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's complete ICD-10-CM diagnosis code list, used to cross-reference diagnosis codes associated with this procedure or service.

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Trek Health powers OpenPayer with a leading commercial payer intelligence platform, seamlessly converting fragmented payer data into actionable insights for provider organizations.

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CPT 33278: Phrenic Nerve Stimulator Removal, Pulse Generator and Leads

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Billing Code Overview

OpenPayer

CPT 33278: Phrenic Nerve Stimulator Removal, Pulse Generator and Leads

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Billing Code Overview

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

Related Codes

References

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

Related Codes

References

CPT 33278: Phrenic Nerve Stimulator Removal, Pulse Generator and Leads

Sign up for cpt 33278 policy alerts

Billing Code Overview

CPT 33278: Phrenic Nerve Stimulator Removal, Pulse Generator and Leads

Sign up for cpt 33278 policy alerts

Billing Code Overview

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

Related Codes

What does CPT 33278 cover for phrenic nerve stimulator removal?

Where is the procedure usually performed and what perioperative care is expected?

Which modifiers are commonly applicable to CPT 33278?

Are there related CPT codes to consider when billing for phrenic nerve stimulator explantation?

What diagnosis codes are commonly associated with CPT 33278 procedures?

References

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

Related Codes

What does CPT 33278 cover for phrenic nerve stimulator removal?

Where is the procedure usually performed and what perioperative care is expected?

Which modifiers are commonly applicable to CPT 33278?

Are there related CPT codes to consider when billing for phrenic nerve stimulator explantation?

What diagnosis codes are commonly associated with CPT 33278 procedures?

References