Clinical Policy: Gonioscopy
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Medical necessity criteria and coding guidance for performing gonioscopy (anterior chamber angle examination) for members of health plans affiliated with Centene/Envolve Vision, as adopted by Arizona Complete Health.
Updated coding to include newly published ICD-10 codes for neovascular secondary angle closure glaucoma; Updated References
Updated medically indicated diagnoses to include new ICD-10 codes for sickle-cell retinopathy.
Coverage Criteria for Gonioscopy
Coverage Criteria — Indications
Gonioscopy is medically necessary when any of the following indications are present:
ANY of the following
- Glaucoma
- Glaucoma suspect
- Ocular trauma
- Hyphema
- Hypotony
- Occlusive disorders
- Diabetic retinopathy
- Rubeosis
- Intraocular foreign body
- Subluxated or dislocated lens
Coverage Criteria — Example Diagnosis Codes
Diagnosis codes associated with diabetic retinopathy and related indications may support medical necessity when documented in the medical record. Examples include (not exhaustive):
ANY of the following
- E11.3391 — Type 2 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema, bilateral
- E11.3392 — Type 2 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema, right eye
- E11.3393 — Type 2 diabetes mellitus with moderate nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy without macular edema, left eye
- E11.3411 — Type 2 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema, right eye
- E11.3412 — Type 2 diabetes mellitus with severe nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with macular edema, left eye
General Medical Necessity Guidance and Coding Implications
General medical necessity guidance and coding implications:
ALL of the following
- This clinical policy provides guidance on medical necessity but does not guarantee coverage; actual coverage is subject to the terms, conditions, exclusions and limitations of the member's benefit documents and applicable state or federal requirements.
- Providers should document clinical indications in the medical record to support medical necessity for gonioscopy and retain records per payer requirements.
- CPT coding reference: 92020 — Gonioscopy. CPT codes and descriptions are provided for informational purposes only; inclusion in this policy does not guarantee coverage. Verify up-to-date coding guidance prior to claim submission.
Inclusion or exclusion of any codes or examples in this policy does not guarantee coverage. Providers should reference the member's benefit documents and current professional coding resources.
This excerpt does not list explicit service exclusions for gonioscopy; coverage determinations should be made based on documented indications, diagnosis codes, and applicable member coverage rules.
Decisions regarding medical necessity are subject to any exclusions and limitations in the member's coverage documents. State Medicaid program provisions and plan-specific rules may further constrain coverage.
No explicit 'Not Medically Necessary' statements for gonioscopy are provided in the extracted portion of this policy. Coverage denials, if any, will be based on lack of documented indications or conflicts with benefit document terms.
This policy is a guide to medical necessity and does not constitute a contract or payment guarantee. Providers must follow applicable administrative policies and verify coverage with the member's plan.
Coding and Diagnosis Codes
| 92020 | Gonioscopy |
| E11.3521 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment involving the macula, right eye. |
| E11.3522 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment involving the macula, left eye. |
| E11.3523 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment involving the macula, bilateral. |
| E11.3531 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment not involving the macula, right eye. |
| E11.3532 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment not involving the macula, left eye. |
| E11.3533 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment not involving the macula, bilateral. |
| E11.3541 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, right eye. |
| E11.3542 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, left eye. |
| E11.3543 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, bilateral. |
| E11.3551 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus with stable proliferative diabetic retinopathy, right eye. |
| E11.3521 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment involving the macula, right eye. |
| E11.3522 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment involving the macula, left eye. |
| E11.3523 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment involving the macula, bilateral. |
| E11.3531 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment not involving the macula, right eye. |
| E11.3532 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment not involving the macula, left eye. |
| E11.3533 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with traction retinal detachment not involving the macula, bilateral. |
| E11.3541 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, right eye. |
| E11.3542 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, left eye. |
| E11.3543 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus with proliferative diabetic retinopathy with combined traction retinal detachment and rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, bilateral. |
| E11.3551 | Type 2 diabetes mellitus with stable proliferative diabetic retinopathy, right eye. |
Provider Actions, Documentation, and Billing Guidance
Prior authorization not specified in this section
This section of the policy primarily lists diagnosis (ICD-10) codes related to gonioscopy and does not specify any prior authorization requirements. Confirm plan benefit documents for any prior authorization rules.
Policy guides medical necessity; plan determines prior authorization
This clinical policy is intended as a guide to medical necessity to assist coverage decisions and benefit administration; prior authorization requirements are determined by the Health Plan and related benefit documents.
Document clinical indication supporting gonioscopy
Ensure any requested service aligns with the medical necessity indications in the policy (e.g., glaucoma, trauma, hyphema, rubeosis) and document the clinical indication in the medical record.
Document diagnosis code(s) and laterality on claim
If performing gonioscopy, record laterality and the specific diagnosis code(s) that justify the procedure from the listed ICD-10 codes in the policy when submitting claims.
Verify member coverage and obtain prior authorization if required
Before submission, confirm that the patient’s coverage and any plan-level requirements permit gonioscopy for the documented indication; obtain prior authorization if required by the plan.
Document corneal assessment and procedural preparation
Prior to performing gonioscopy, assess corneal integrity using fluorescein, administer topical anesthesia, prepare the goniolens, and recheck the cornea after lens removal; document these steps in the medical record.
- Determine corneal integrity with fluorescein prior to gonioscopy
- Use topical anesthesia and prepare the goniolens
- Irrigate and recheck the cornea after lens removal
Include clinical rationale and follow plan submission rules
Follow plan-specific submission requirements (e.g., prior authorization, modifier usage, documentation) and include clinical rationale in records to support medical necessity for review.
Follow plan and state/federal compliance requirements
Adhere to Health Plan-level administrative policies and applicable state and federal requirements; for Medicaid members, state Medicaid coverage provisions take precedence when they conflict with this policy.
Codes listed are informational — verify current coding guidance
Inclusion or exclusion of codes in this policy does not guarantee coverage. Providers must reference the most current professional coding guidance and payer rules before submitting claims.
No explicit denial triggers listed here — nonconformance may still cause denial
This excerpt lists diagnosis codes associated with gonioscopy but does not provide explicit denial triggers; however, failure to follow coverage documents or plan rules may result in denial.
Denial risk if coverage documents or plan rules are not followed
Coverage decisions and benefit administration are subject to all terms, conditions, exclusions and limitations of the member’s coverage documents; failure to follow these may lead to claim denial.
Background on Gonioscopy
Gonioscopy is performed using a concave contact (goniolens) with oblique mirrors to visualize the iridocorneal (anterior chamber) angle, eliminating corneal refraction so the examiner can assess angle structures. The procedure is used to evaluate suspected or confirmed angle-closure or other anterior segment pathology such as iris neovascularization (rubeosis), angle recession after trauma, hyphema, intraocular foreign body, or for glaucoma evaluation. Clinical technique includes checking corneal integrity with fluorescein, applying topical anesthesia, positioning the goniolens (often in a darkened room with a short bright beam to avoid pupillary constriction), and reassessing the cornea after lens removal.
Definitions and Referenced Guidelines
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