Ambulatory Assist Devices: Canes, Crutches, and Walkers
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Defines Aetna's medical necessity criteria, documentation, and coverage stance for canes, crutches, walkers and related accessories for members requiring durable medical equipment to assist mobility and activities of daily living in the home.
No material clinical or coverage changes in this revision.
Coverage and Medical Necessity Criteria
Canes and Crutches - Medical Necessity
Covered when ALL of the following are met:
Consistent with Medicare policy, axillary (under-arm), articulated, spring-assisted crutches and sit-and-stand walking assistant type crutches are not considered medically necessary as their clinical value has not been established.
Standard Walker - Medical Necessity
Covered when ALL of the following are met:
A standard walker may include wheels and glide-type brakes. A wheeled walker has 2, 3, or 4 wheels; a glide-type brake consists of a spring mechanism (or equivalent) that raises the leg post when not pushing down on the frame.
Heavy-Duty and Specialized Walkers - Medical Necessity
Covered when ALL of the following are met:
A heavy-duty, multiple braking system, variable wheel resistance walker is indicated only when the member is unable to use a standard walker due to a severe neurological disorder or other condition causing restricted use of one hand; obesity alone is not sufficient. Detailed device characteristics for the multiple braking system walker are enumerated in policy (4-wheeled, independent adjustable brakes, hand-operated locking brakes, additional front crossbar brake).
Gait Trainers, Pediatric Devices - Medical Necessity
Certain gait trainers and pediatric standers are covered for children and adults with neuromuscular disorders when specific clinical criteria are met:
The Rifton/Pacer provides considerable postural support with adjustable sizes and braking/drag controls; TAOS is an orthotic plus walker base providing upright hands-free environment for training.
Walker Accessories and Special Features - Medical Necessity
Covered when specific justification is documented and member meets standard walker criteria:
Documentation in the medical record must justify the need and member must meet standard walker criteria.
Member must meet standard walker criteria and documentation should support the need for extensions.
Documentation must justify medical necessity for trunk support features.
Device-specific medical necessity headings
Medical necessity sections listed for specific device types (headings only in this excerpt)
See full policy for detailed criteria.
See full policy for detailed criteria.
See full policy for detailed criteria.
See full policy for detailed criteria.
See full policy for detailed criteria.
See full policy for detailed criteria.
See full policy for detailed criteria.
Enhancement accessories for walkers, canes, and crutches (items that do not contribute significantly to therapeutic function) are considered convenience items and not covered. Examples include, but are not limited to, style or color options, seat attachments, tray attachments, baskets, and cup holders. Standard strollers are also not medically necessary and are excluded from coverage.
Walking belts (belts used to support and guide a member in walking) are considered not medically necessary and are not DME because they do not meet Aetna’s contractual definition of durable medical equipment and are ordinarily useful to persons without disease or injury.
The following HCPCS codes are listed as not covered for indications listed in this policy/CPB: E0117, E0144, E0152, E0156.
The Sully Walker (a battery/electronic powered walker) is FDA-cleared but there is insufficient evidence in published peer‑reviewed literature to demonstrate medical benefit; therefore its effectiveness is considered unproven in this policy.
The Upsee mobility device is a harness system that supports a child to stand and walk with adult assistance. For conditions such as cri‑du‑chat syndrome, the policy states there is a lack of evidence to support use of the Upsee, and the device is also noted as not meeting durability criteria for DME in some benefit plans.
Aetna does not consider certain crutch types medically necessary because their clinical value has not been established. These include axillary (under‑arm) crutches, articulated or spring‑assisted crutches, and sit‑and‑stand walking assistant type crutches. Enhancement accessories for crutches are also considered convenience items and not covered.
Battery powered or electronic powered walkers (for example, the Sully Walker) are considered experimental/investigational/unproven in this policy because there is insufficient peer‑reviewed evidence
HCPCS and ICD-10 Codes
| A4635 | Underarm pad, crutch, replacement, each. |
| A4636 | Replacement, handgrip, cane, crutch, or walker, each. |
| A4637 | Replacement, tip, cane, crutch, or walker, each. |
| E0100 | Cane, includes canes of all materials, adjustable or fixed, with tip. |
| E0105 | Cane, quad or three-prong, includes canes of all materials, adjustable or fixed, with tips. |
| E0110 | Crutches, forearm, includes crutches of various materials, adjustable of fixed, pair, complete with tips and handgrips. |
| E0111 | Crutch, forearm, includes crutches of various materials, adjustable or fixed, each, with tip and handgrip. |
| E0112 | Crutches, underarm, wood, adjustable or fixed, pair, with pads, tips and handgrips. |
| E0113 | Crutch, underarm, wood, adjustable or fixed, each, with pad, tip and handgrip. |
| E0114 | Crutches, underarm, other than wood, adjustable or fixed, pair, with pads, tips and handgrips. |
| G11.0 - G11.9 | Hereditary ataxia. |
| G12.0 - G12.9 | Spinal muscular atrophy and related syndromes. |
| G13.0 - G13.8 | Systemic atrophies primarily affecting central nervous system in diseases classified elsewhere. |
| G14 | Postpolio syndrome. |
| G24.1 | Genetic torsion dystonia. |
| G31.9 | Degenerative disease of nervous system, unspecified. |
| G71.00 - G71.09 | Muscular dystrophy. |
| G80.0 - G80.9 | Cerebral palsy. |
| G81.00 - G82.54 | Hemiplegia, paraplegia and quadriplegia. |
| Q05.0 - Q05.9 | Spina bifida. |
Orders, Documentation, and Billing Guidance
Obtain and transmit a complete Standard Written Order (SWO)
A Standard Written Order (SWO) must be communicated to the supplier before a claim is submitted; a new prescription from the treating practitioner is required each time a new device or repair is requisitioned. The SWO must include member name/ID, order date, description of the item (HCPCS code, HCPCS narrative, or brand/model), each separately billed option/accessory or supply with HCPCS and quantity, treating practitioner name and NPI, and the treating practitioner’s signature.
- SWO required before supplier billing; claim billed without SWO will be denied as not medically necessary.
- SWO must list HCPCS code or brand/model and each separately billed option/accessory with HCPCS and quantity.
- A new prescription is required for each new device or repair.
Bill using HCPCS only when criteria support coverage; note specific non‑covered HCPCS
HCPCS in the policy are covered only when the selection criteria are met; some HCPCS are explicitly listed as not covered for indications in this policy (examples provided). Providers should reference the HCPCS list when ordering and billing to ensure the code is valid for the member’s indication.
Confirm payer-specific prior authorization rules; follow appendix billing guidance
The policy does not state an explicit universal prior authorization requirement; however, providers should obtain prior authorization when required by the payer for listed DME devices and follow appendix billing consolidation guidance for walkers and replacement parts.
- No explicit PA requirement stated in these sections of the policy.
- Appendix clarifies when replacement parts/accessories are included in the allowance for a primary walker item.
Document that the requested device type will sufficiently resolve the mobility deficit
Document in the treating practitioner’s medical record that the mobility deficit can be sufficiently resolved by the device type requested (e.g., cane/crutch versus walker) and that the member can safely use the requested device.
- Coverage requires the functional mobility deficit be sufficiently resolved by the requested device type.
- Provider must document the member’s ability to safely use the device.
Provide sufficient clinical documentation in the medical record (supplier forms alone insufficient)
Ensure the medical record contains sufficient clinical information to support all applicable coverage criteria; supplier-prepared statements or practitioner attestations alone are insufficient to establish medical necessity.
- Records must substantiate the medical necessity information on supplier forms or attestations.
- Supplier or provider records with a financial interest in the claim are not sufficient by themselves.
Document the three medical‑necessity components (mobility limitation, safe use, expected improvement)
Include documentation of the member’s significant mobility limitation, ability to safely use the device, and the expected functional improvement from the device in the medical record; the policy bases medical necessity on these three components.
- Document the specific MRADL(s) affected and how the device addresses the deficit.
- Document anticipated functional benefit and safe use capability.
Risk of denial if SWO not communicated to supplier before billing
Claims billed without a Standard Written Order (SWO) first communicated to the supplier will be denied as not medically necessary; suppliers billing without a completed SWO should expect denial.
- If the supplier bills for an item without first receiving a completed SWO, the claim shall be denied as not medically necessary.
- SWO must be communicated to the supplier prior to claim submission.
Avoid HCPCS specifically listed as not covered for CPB indications
HCPCS codes listed in the policy as 'not covered for indications listed in the CPB' (for example E0117, E0144, E0152, E0156) may lead to denial when billed for those CPB‑listed indications; avoid using those codes for excluded indications.
Do not bill Column II walker accessories separately when provided with primary walker
When billing a walker with Column II items provided at the same time, include those Column II items in the allowance for the Column I primary walker item and do not submit separate claims for them.
- Items in Column II are included in the allowance for the corresponding Column I item and must not be billed separately at the time of billing the Column I item.
- Appendix Table lists replacement handgrips, tips, brake attachments and other included items.
General Medical Necessity Principles
General device medical necessity
Medical necessity for DME is based on MRADL impairment and ability to safely use the device:
This general criteria set applies across canes, crutches, walkers and related ambulatory assist devices and is based in part on DME MAC local medical policy.
General medical necessity for ambulatory assist devices
Medical necessity determination components present in background
Policy references DME MAC local medical policy as part of the basis for coverage determinations.
Rental vs Purchase and Allowance Rules
| Reference | Rule |
|---|---|
| DME MAC local medical policy | Policy references DME MAC local medical policy for coverage determinations and for guidance on rental versus purchase; explicit rental vs. purchase rules are not included in this excerpt. |
| Citation in source document | 'This policy is based, in part, on Medicare Durable Medical Equipment Medicare Administrative Contractor (DME MAC) local medical policy.' |
| Item(s) | Billing rule |
|---|---|
| Walkers and walker accessories listed in Appendix (Column I and Column II) | When an item in Column II is provided with the corresponding Column I item at the same time, the Column II item is included in the allowance for the Column I item and must not be billed separately; accessories included with the primary walker are considered part of the purchase when provided with the primary item. |
| Source note | 'The item in Column II is included in the allowance for the corresponding item in Column I when provided at the same time and must not be billed separately at the time of billing the item in Column.' (Appendix - Walker Billing Details) |
Replacement Parts and Accessories
Required Documentation and Recordkeeping
SWO required before claim submission; supplier forms/attestations alone insufficient
A Standard Written Order (SWO) must be communicated to the supplier before claim submission; adequate supporting medical record documentation is required and supplier-prepared forms or attestations alone are insufficient to establish medical necessity.
- SWO must contain member identifier, order date, item description (HCPCS code or brand/model), separately billed options/accessories with HCPCS and quantity, treating practitioner name/NPI, and signature.
- Forms are subject to corroboration with information in the member’s medical record.
Clinical documentation must support the three medical necessity components
Ensure clinical documentation supports the three medical necessity components: significant mobility limitation (impacting MRADLs), the member’s ability to safely use the device, and that the device will sufficiently improve functional mobility; the policy references DME MAC local medical policy as part of its basis.
- Document the specific MRADL impact and safety assessment.
- Document expected functional improvement attributable to the device.
Do not submit separate claims for Column II items when provided with corresponding Column I walker items
Do not submit separate claims for Column II items when provided with the corresponding Column I walker items — Column II items are included in the allowance for the primary item and should not be billed separately.
- Examples: replacement handgrip and replacement tip included with rigid or folding walkers; wheel and brake attachment replacement included where listed.
Items Considered Not Medically Necessary or Not Durable
The following devices are listed as not covered in the policy: AutoAmbulator; battery/electronic powered walkers (e.g., Sully Walker); the Upsee mobility device; and wearable freezing‑of‑gait detection systems. The policy also identifies specific HCPCS codes (see coding section) that are not covered for indications listed in the CPB and excludes enhancement accessories and standard strollers as not medically necessary.
Several HCPCS codes are explicitly listed as not covered for the indications listed in the CPB (notably E0117, E0144, E0152, E0156). The policy also excludes devices for which published peer‑reviewed evidence of medical benefit is lacking.
This section reiterates that HCPCS codes such as E0117, E0144, E0152, E0156 are considered not covered for CPB‑listed indications and that devices without adequate published peer‑reviewed evidence are excluded from coverage.
Use of the Sully Walker lacks sufficient peer‑reviewed evidence of medical benefit in the published literature; accordingly the device is categorized as having insufficient evidence to support coverage as DME in this policy.
Clinical and Evidence Background
Mobility‑related activities of daily living (MRADL) are defined as toileting, feeding, dressing, grooming, and bathing performed in customary locations in the home and serve as the functional benchmark for medical necessity determinations in this policy.
Key Definitions
Policy Revision History
Policy effective date established.
Policy last reviewed (administrative/clinical review completed).
Next scheduled policy review date.
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