Total Body Photography, Dermoscopy and Other Selected Noninvasive Dermatologic Tests
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Defines Aetna's coverage and medical necessity criteria for total body photography (TBP) and dermoscopy and lists noninvasive dermatologic tests considered experimental/investigational; applies to members being evaluated for suspicious or high-risk pigmented skin lesions.
No material clinical or coverage changes in this revision.
Coverage Criteria
Medical Necessity
Covered when ANY of the following conditions are present:
Repeat studies are not typically required more frequently than every 24 months.
Experimental and Investigational
The following interventions are considered experimental and investigational because their effectiveness has not been established:
List not necessarily all-inclusive.
Adjunctive/Not routine use
Guiding statements and specialty guidance relevant to coverage decisions
NCCN and specialty guidance emphasize adjunctive use and caution regarding routine baseline genetic testing.
Coverage considerations and criteria
Evidence-based considerations and inferred coverage stance from diagnostic accuracy reviews
Walter et al (2012) found no benefit of MoleMate over systematic best practice; best practice alone was more accurate than MoleMate.
RCM and OCT may have roles in equivocal lesions or BCC assessment; CAD systems show high sensitivity but variable specificity and limited applicability to community settings.
Multiple systematic reviews called for prospective comparative studies before broad adoption.
Evidence-based coverage considerations (summary)
Evidence synthesis and guidance-based stance from the document:
Cochrane reviews note methodological limitations and applicability concerns.
Summary sensitivity and specificity estimates vary across reviews.
Evidence includes pilot studies and systematic reviews reporting sensitivity and NNB improvements.
No published clinical practice outcome studies available for these technologies.
Background / Evidence
Informational/background content; no formal coverage decision language in these sections.
These are background evidence statements, not coverage criteria.
The policy lists ICD-10 codes that are applicable when selection criteria for TBP and dermoscopy are met and identifies codes that are not covered for certain adhesive patch gene-expression assays. Specifically, ICD-10 codes for psoriasis (L40.0–L40.9) are listed as not covered when selection criteria relate to gene-expression adhesive patch tests (e.g., DermTech-style PLA/Mind.Px) and similar skin-surface mRNA assays.
The DermTech Pigmented Lesion Assay (PLA) has a documented technical limitation: it cannot be applied to mucous membranes, the palms of the hands, or the soles of the feet. Providers must avoid using the adhesive patch on these anatomic sites when ordering or performing PLA.
Gene expression profiling and other molecular prognostic assays for primary cutaneous melanoma remain investigational for routine baseline use. The policy states that routine (baseline) genetic testing of primary cutaneous melanomas (before or following sentinel lymph node biopsy) is not recommended outside of a clinical study, owing to inconsistent gene-signature results and lack of validated prognostic utility.
Systematic reviews cited in the policy found insufficient evidence to support routine use of high-frequency ultrasonography (HFUS) or optical coherence tomography (OCT) for diagnosis of melanoma or cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). The Cochrane reviews concluded that data are scarce and of limited quality; while preliminary OCT data suggest a potential role for OCT in diagnosing basal cell carcinoma (BCC), the evidence is inadequate to recommend routine clinical use of HFUS or OCT for melanoma or cSCC.
Emerging precision medicine and imaging technologies discussed in the policy currently lack published clinical outcome evidence demonstrating net health benefit. The policy identifies Mind.Px (a dermal biomarker patch with NGS transcriptomic analysis) and Orlucent (hand-held fluorescent molecular imaging) as technologies with no available published clinical outcome studies to support effectiveness in routine care.
The policy presents Mind.Px and the Orlucent fluorescent molecular imaging system as having insufficient evidence of effectiveness. Both are described as investigational in the absence of published clinical outcome data, and the document treats them as technologies not supported for routine clinical decision-making.
This Clinical Policy Bulletin is provided as a summary description of plan benefits and clinical evidence and does not constitute a contract or guarantee of coverage. Aetna states that the bulletin contains only a partial, general description of plan or program benefits and is subject to updates and change.
The policy classifies a range of computerized TBP systems and multiple advanced imaging or diagnostic technologies as experimental/investigational for evaluation of dysplastic and atypical nevi. Examples listed include computerized TBP systems (e.g., MelaFind, MoleMapCD, MoleMate), non-invasive gene-expression patch assays (e.g., DermTech PLA, Mind.Px), reflectance confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography, electrical impedance devices, high-frequency ultrasonography, multi-photon microscopy, multi-spectral image analysis, spectroscopy, and teledermatology; these modalities are considered investigational because their effectiveness for early detection in this indication has not been established.
The policy cautions against adoption of these advanced diagnostic tools in primary care settings without evidence that their accuracy matches dermatology-clinic validation studies. Review authors and technology assessments noted that many accuracy studies were performed in specialist dermatology clinics, raising concerns about applicability when used outside those settings and the risk of inappropriate overuse for patient reassurance rather than clinically indicated assessment.
Current evidence does not support routine use of computerized CAD systems, HFUS, OCT, or RCM as standalone replacements for standard clinical assessment and dermoscopy. Systematic reviews cited methodological limitations, small or selected study populations, and variable test performance, and therefore recommend these modalities be considered adjuncts rather than primary diagnostic replacements.
Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and other emerging imaging modalities have limited and heterogeneous evidence; the policy states that substituting RCM or similar methods for standard clinical examination and dermoscopy is not supported by sufficient evidence. RCM may have an adjunctive role in selected equivocal cases, but it is not endorsed as a replacement for clinical/dermoscopic evaluation.
The policy explicitly states that investigational tests such as Mind.Px and Orlucent are not supported for routine clinical decision-making due to lack of published clinical outcome data and established clinical utility. These technologies are categorized as investigational/experimental in this clinical context.
Coding
| 96904 | Whole body integumentary photography, for monitoring of high-risk patients with dysplastic nevus syndrome or a history of dysplastic nevi, or patients with a personal or family history of melanoma. |
| 0089U | Oncology (melanoma), gene expression profiling by RTqPCR, PRAME and LINC00518, superficial collection using adhesive patch(es). |
| 0258U | Autoimmune (psoriasis), mRNA, next-generation sequencing, gene expression profiling of 50-100 genes, skin-surface collection using adhesive patch, algorithm reported as likelihood of response to psoriasis biologics. |
| 0470T | Optical coherence tomography (OCT) for microstructural and morphological imaging of skin, image acquisition, interpretation, and report; first lesion. |
| 0471T | Each additional lesion (OCT). |
| 0658T | Electrical impedance spectroscopy of 1 or more skin lesions for automated melanoma risk score. |
| 0659T | (Code text in document truncated/not relevant to dermatology). |
| 0700T | Molecular fluorescent imaging of suspicious nevus; first lesion. |
| 0701T | Each additional lesion (molecular fluorescent imaging). |
| 96931 | Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) for cellular and sub-cellular imaging of skin (group includes 96931-96936). |
| C43.0-C43.9 | Malignant melanoma of the skin |
| D22.0-D23.9 | Melanocytic nevi and other benign neoplasms of the skin |
| Z80.8 | Family history of malignant neoplasm of other organs or systems |
| Z85.820 | Personal history of malignant melanoma of skin |
| Z85.828 | Personal history of other malignant neoplasm of skin |
| Z86.018 | Personal history of other benign neoplasm (dysplastic nevus) |
| Z87.2 | Personal history of diseases of the skin and subcutaneous tissue (atypical and dysplastic nevus) |
| L40.0-L40.9 | Psoriasis |
Provider Actions and Billing Guidance
Prior Authorization Recommended for Emerging/Precision Tests
Prior authorization consideration — Some advanced or emerging tests may require prior authorization. When using precision or investigational modalities (e.g., Mind.Px, Orlucent, novel genomic assays), confirm benefit coverage and obtain authorization if plan rules or local medical management require it before testing.
- When CPT 96904 (whole body integumentary photography) is used, ensure selection criteria and diagnosis codes align with policy.
- Emerging/precision tests without established clinical outcome data (Mind.Px, Orlucent) should trigger discussion with the plan for prior authorization due to uncertain utility.
Denial Risk for Investigational Technologies
Denial risk for investigational technologies — Tests and services described in the policy as experimental, investigational, or lacking evidence may be denied if submitted for coverage. Document medical necessity thoroughly when requesting coverage for less-established technologies.
- Services billed using codes for computerized TBP systems or listed experimental technologies (e.g., MelaFind, MoleMapCD, MoleMate, Orlucent, Mind.Px) may be denied.
- If submitting requests for investigational tests, include supportive evidence, rationale for clinical use, and prior authorization outcomes where applicable.
Document PLA Result and Follow-up Plan
Document PLA results and management plan — For DermTech PLA (pigmented lesion assay), document the test result (positive/negative and gene findings) and the subsequent management decision (biopsy type or surveillance interval).
- Record whether PLA detected LINC00518, PRAME, or both and the corresponding clinical interpretation.
- If PLA(−), document the planned surveillance strategy (interval, modality — e.g., dermoscopy/TBP) and follow-up duration; if PLA(+), document biopsy approach and pathology follow-up.
Follow-up Documentation for PLA(−) Results
Follow-up documentation for PLA(−) results — Studies routinely managed PLA(−) lesions with clinical surveillance rather than biopsy. When choosing surveillance, clearly document rationale, follow-up intervals (eg, 3–12 months), and criteria that would prompt biopsy.
- Describe surveillance method (dermoscopy, TBP, teledermatology) and expected reassessment timeframe (e.g., 3–6 months; note some lesions may require longer follow-up up to 12 months).
- If additional risk factors, persistent clinical suspicion, or patient concern exist, document reasons for opting for biopsy despite PLA(−).
Document Clinical Decision-Making and Role of Adjunctive Tests
Clinical decision-making documentation — Noninvasive tests are adjuncts to, not replacements for, clinical evaluation and dermoscopy. Document that test selection was based on clinical history, naked-eye exam, and dermoscopic findings, and how adjunctive test results informed the management plan.
- State that dermoscopic evaluation was performed and summarize key findings (7-point checklist or equivalent).
- Document that adjunctive tests (PLA, RCM, HFUS, CAD systems) were used to supplement, not substitute, the clinical/dermoscopic assessment and how results changed management.
MoleSafe / TBP Documentation Elements
MoleSafe and TBP documentation elements — When using comprehensive imaging systems (e.g., MoleSafe, TBP), include description of the imaging series and dermoscopy elements in the record to support medical necessity for monitoring high-risk patients.
- Document that total body photography captured the expected series (eg, ~25 images covering ~96% of body surface for MoleSafe) and whether total body dermoscopy was performed.
- When billing CPT 96904, include indication (history of atypical/dysplastic nevi, personal/family history of melanoma) and frequency justification (usually not more frequent than every 24 months).
Reference-Standard and Pathology Documentation
Reference-standard and pathology documentation — For validation or diagnostic confirmation, document the reference standard used (histologic confirmation or clinical follow-up) and include biopsy pathology reports and any second opinions when pathology is ambiguous.
- If a lesion is biopsied, include histopathology results and note concordance with noninvasive test findings.
- For intermediate or discordant pathology (eg, moderately dysplastic to early invasive melanoma), document any additional pathology review or expert consultation.
Dermoscopy as First-line and Adjunctive Test Use / Best Practice
Adjunctive test use and best practice — Dermoscopy remains the recommended first-line noninvasive evaluation. Adjunctive modalities (gene expression assays, RCM, HFUS, CAD systems) may be used selectively as supplements to systematic clinical assessment (history, naked-eye exam, 7-point checklist, dermoscopy).
- Document that standard diagnostic steps (history, naked-eye exam, 7-point checklist, dermoscopy) were completed prior to adjunctive testing.
- Use adjunctive tests for specific clinical questions (eg, avoid unnecessary biopsy, margin assessment) and document why the adjunctive test was chosen.
Investigational / Insufficient Evidence — Coverage Considerations
Investigational / insufficient evidence — Novel tests without robust, generalizable outcome data (e.g., Mind.Px, Orlucent, some RCM uses, electrical impedance devices) are considered investigational or have insufficient evidence for routine coverage. Use within research or with prior authorization and strong documentation of rationale if considered clinically necessary.
- Mind.Px and Orlucent currently lack published clinical outcome data demonstrating net health benefit.
- Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) and other emerging modalities have variable evidence quality; document applicability and limitations if used in practice.
No Specific Authorization/Denial Trigger Specified
No specific authorization/denial trigger specified in this section — The policy lists experimental/investigational technologies and covered CPTs (eg, 96904) but does not define explicit automatic authorization or denial triggers; providers should follow standard prior authorization processes and submit clinical documentation when requesting coverage for nonstandard tests.
- When in doubt, obtain prior authorization and include clinical history, dermoscopic findings, prior management steps, and rationale for the requested test.
- Absent explicit PA rules here, local plan requirements and medical management teams determine authorization; maintain complete documentation to expedite review.
Background and Rationale
Total body photography (TBP) and dermoscopy are established, evidence-supported techniques for detecting and monitoring dysplastic and atypical nevi to facilitate early detection of malignant cutaneous lesions. The policy notes that dermoscopy improves diagnostic accuracy compared with unaided inspection and that TBP is useful for monitoring patients with numerous nevi or high melanoma risk; biopsy and histopathology remain the diagnostic gold standard.
Definitions
Revision History
Policy was last reviewed on 04/07/2023 as shown in the policy history.
Policy effective date recorded as 12/01/1997.
Next scheduled policy review listed as 02/08/2024.
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