Distraction Osteogenesis for Craniofacial Defects
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Defines Aetna's coverage stance for distraction osteogenesis (distraction histogenesis) to correct functional impairments from specified congenital craniofacial skeletal deformities and lists experimental/unproven and excluded indications; applies to providers requesting coverage under Aetna medical plans.
No material clinical or coverage changes in this revision.
Coverage Criteria
Covered Indications (congenital)
Covered when ANY of the following congenital craniofacial skeletal deformities with functional impairment are present:
Any single listed indication may meet medical necessity if functional impairment is present and distraction is uniquely indicated.
Case-by-case OMS review
May be considered medically necessary upon OMS Unit review when ALL of the following are met:
Case-by-case review required.
Aetna considers distraction osteogenesis for acquired craniofacial defects (for example, reconstruction following tumor resection such as osteosarcoma or after ablative head and neck surgery), for obstructive sleep apnea, and for other non‑congenital craniofacial indications to be outside of established medical necessity because of insufficient evidence regarding clinical value for these uses. Procedures billed with CPT/HCPCS/ICD‑10 codes listed as not covered for indications in this policy are excluded. Additionally, distraction osteogenesis performed solely to improve appearance or profile is considered not medically necessary, and distraction performed to prepare for dental implants or orthodontic care is not covered under plans that exclude those dental benefits.
The use of distraction osteogenesis for head and neck oncologic reconstruction is limited by concerns about the impact of radiotherapy on the regenerate bone. Published reports note encouraging results in non‑irradiated patients, but emphasize that radiotherapy may adversely affect bone formation and consolidation; therefore, larger human studies are required to define the role of distraction for mandibular neoplasms and for patients who have received or will receive radiation.
Distraction osteogenesis performed solely for cosmetic reasons — to improve individual facial appearance or profile without documented functional impairment — is considered not medically necessary and is excluded from coverage under this policy.
Coding
| 20692 | Application of multiplane (pins or wires in more than one plane), unilateral, external fixation system (eg, Ilizarov, Monticelli type). |
| 20693 | Adjustment or revision of external fixation system requiring anesthesia (eg, new pin(s) or wire(s) and/or new ring(s) or bar(s)). |
| 20694 | Removal, under anesthesia, of external fixation system. |
| 20696 | Application of multiplane (pins or wires in more than one plane), unilateral, external fixation with stereotactic computer-assisted adjustment (eg, spatial frame), including imaging; initial and subsequent alignment(s), assessment(s), and computation(s) of adjustment schedule(s). |
| 20697 | Exchange (ie, removal and replacement) of strut, each. |
| 0232T | Injection(s), platelet rich plasma, any site, including image guidance, harvesting and preparation when performed. |
| 0481T | Injection(s), autologous white blood cell concentrate (autologous protein solution), any site, including image guidance, harvesting and preparation, when performed. |
| S9055 | Procuren or other growth factor preparation to promote wound healing. |
| 20939 | Bone marrow aspiration for bone grafting, spine surgery only, through separate skin or fascial incision. |
| 21110 | Application of interdental fixation device for conditions other than fracture or dislocation, includes removal. |
| 21120-21196 | Repair, revision, and/or reconstruction bones of face. |
| 21206 | Osteotomy, maxilla, segmental (e.g., Wassmund or Schuchard). |
| 21210 | Graft, bone; nasal, maxillary or malar areas (includes obtaining graft). |
| 21247 | Reconstruction of mandibular condyle with bone and cartilage autografts (includes obtaining grafts) (eg, for hemifacial microsomia). |
| 30400-30462 | Rhinoplasty. |
| 42200-42225 | Palatoplasty. |
| D6010-D6199 | Implant services. |
| D7946-D7949 | LeFort procedures I, II, or III. |
| D8010-D8999 | Orthodontic dental procedures. |
| M26.00-M26.59 | Dentofacial anomalies [including malocclusion]. |
| Q35.1-Q35.9 | Cleft palate. |
| Q37.0-Q37.9 | Cleft palate with cleft lip. |
| Q67.0-Q67.4 | Congenital deformities of skull, face and jaw. |
| Q75.001-Q75.9 | Congenital malformation of skull and face bones [includes hemifacial microstomia]. |
| Q87.0 | Congenital malformation syndromes predominantly affecting facial appearance. |
| G47.33 | Obstructive sleep apnea (adult) (pediatric). |
| M95.2 | Other acquired deformity of head [acquired craniofacial defects]. |
| Z41.1 | Encounter for cosmetic surgery. |
| Z46.3 | Encounter for fitting and adjustment of dental prosthetic device. |
| Z46.4 | Encounter for fitting and adjustment of orthodontic device. |
Provider Actions & Requirements
Prior authorization required for covered CPT codes
Prior authorization is required to confirm that selection criteria are met for the covered CPT codes listed (e.g., 20692, 20693, 20694, 20696, 20697) before payment will be made.
- Submit prior authorization to verify medical necessity per the policy’s covered-indication criteria (congenital deformity with functional impairment).
- Include planned CPT codes (e.g., 20692–20697) on the authorization request.
Clinical Policy Bulletin note on prior authorization and plan scope
Clinical Policy Bulletins are developed to assist in administering plan benefits and provide a general, partial description of plan coverage; they do not constitute a contract and do not specify every plan’s prior authorization rules.
- Use the CPB to guide benefit administration but verify specific prior authorization requirements with the member’s plan.
- Participating providers remain responsible for medical advice and treatment; CPBs may be updated and are subject to change.
Prior authorization — related Aetna resources
This section provides links to Aetna resources (glossary, mobile app, program provisions, legal notices, privacy center, state directory) but does not itself specify additional prior authorization requirements.
- Use the listed Aetna resources to find plan provisions and member-specific benefit details that may include prior authorization processes.
- Links: Glossary; Aetna Mobile App; Program Provisions; Legal Notices; Privacy Center; State Directory.
Conventional alternatives expected before distraction osteogenesis
When less extensive corrective options (for example, conventional orthognathic surgery or grafting techniques) can achieve the needed result for smaller deformities, those conventional therapies are expected before distraction osteogenesis.
- Orthognathic surgery is able to correct smaller mandibular deformities; distraction is reserved when greater than 10 mm lengthening or when superior results are achievable only with distraction.
- AAOMS guidance: use distraction primarily when it achieves superior results compared with conventional techniques.
Required clinical documentation for authorization
Providers must document the congenital diagnosis and the functional impairment showing that distraction osteogenesis is uniquely indicated, and include the surgical plan (device type — internal vs external — and anticipated distraction length/rate).
- Document the specific congenital indication (eg, Pruzansky Grade I/IIa hemifacial microsomia, severe micrognathia with airway obstruction, mandibular deficiency >10 mm).
- Include planned device type (internal or external), anticipated distraction length, and planned distraction rate in the clinical justification.
Follow plan benefit documentation and program provisions
Providers should follow the member’s plan benefit documentation and program provisions referenced by Aetna; this CPB is a partial, general description and does not guarantee coverage.
- Verify member-specific benefits and any exclusions (for example, dental implant or orthodontic exclusions) in the plan’s program provisions before scheduling.
- Use Aetna’s program provisions and plan disclosures to determine benefit applicability.
Links to Aetna member/provider resources
Aetna provides links to resources for members and providers (glossary, mobile app, program provisions, legal notices, privacy center, state directory) for reference when preparing authorizations and verifying benefits.
- Key resources: Aetna Glossary; Aetna Mobile App; Program Provisions; Legal Notices; Privacy Center; State Directory.
- Use these links to locate plan disclosures, nondiscrimination notices, and member-specific information that may affect coverage adjudication.
Triggers for claim denial
Requests for distraction osteogenesis for acquired craniofacial defects, obstructive sleep apnea, preparation for dental implants/orthodontic care when excluded by the plan, or procedures billed with listed not-covered codes are subject to denial.
CPB administrative disclaimer affecting coverage adjudication
Clinical Policy Bulletins are intended to assist with administering plan benefits and do not constitute a contract; participating providers remain independent contractors and are responsible for treatment decisions.
- Do not treat the CPB as a guarantee of coverage—verify member benefits and obtain required authorizations.
- Be aware CPBs may be updated and are a partial description of plan benefits.
External links disclaimer
Aetna is not responsible for the content, accuracy, or privacy practices of non‑Aetna sites linked from the policy; leaving the Aetna site may affect reliance on external information.
- When using external links (eg, for manufacturer or clinical resources), confirm details directly with the source and with Aetna plan provisions as needed.
Background
Distraction osteogenesis is a technique that lengthens and reshapes bone by creating a surgical osteotomy (controlled fracture) and then applying gradual mechanical distraction of the bony segments to allow new bone formation in the gap. Devices may be internal or external; the process involves a latency period after osteotomy, a distraction phase during which the segments are gradually separated (typically 1–2 mm per day), and a consolidation phase during which the newly formed bone hardens.
Definitions
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