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    v1.0.28
    OpenPayerBilling CodesDiagnostic Nuclear Medicine Procedures on the Cardiovascular SystemCPT cpt-78454-multiple-planar-myocardial-perfusion-study
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    CPT 78454: Myocardial Perfusion Planar Imaging, Multiple Planar Studies

    Medicare pays $266 on average nationally for this procedure.

    CPT code 78454 describes multiple planar myocardial perfusion imaging studies of the heart performed to identify regions of deficient blood flow; the service is a nuclear medicine myocardial perfusion study used to assess myocardial ischemia and infarction and is typically performed in a hospital outpatient imaging department or nuclear cardiology lab using planar radionuclide techniques.

    For related coverage guidance, see recent payer policy updates: Cardiac Computed Tomography (CCT)/Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography (CCTA), Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment, Biomarkers for Myocardial Infarction and Chronic Heart Failure.

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    Table of contents

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    Clinical & Coding Specifications

    Clinical Context

    A 64-year-old male with a history of hypertension and hyperlipidemia presents with exertional chest pain and dyspnea. His cardiologist orders a myocardial perfusion study to evaluate for areas of ischemia and to guide revascularization decisions. The patient arrives to a hospital outpatient nuclear medicine unit where technologists initiate intravenous access, confirm allergies and recent medications, and review recent cardiac testing. The procedure performed is a multiple planar myocardial perfusion study (78454) using radiotracer injection at rest and during pharmacologic stress (e.g., regadenoson) because the patient cannot perform adequate exercise.

    During the session, a nuclear medicine physician or cardiologist supervises radiotracer administration, monitors hemodynamics and ECG changes, interprets raw tomographic images, and documents findings of fixed or reversible perfusion defects. Images are reconstructed and processed with gated acquisition to assess left ventricular function. The final report includes perfusion defect localization, severity, and ejection fraction; results inform decisions for coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention, or medical management. Typical site of service is a hospital outpatient imaging center, ambulatory imaging center, or inpatient nuclear medicine department. The service type is nuclear medicine myocardial perfusion imaging (multiple planar studies).

    Related CPT Codes

    CPT CodeDescriptionRelationship to This Procedure
    78306Thyroid uptake and/or imaging, single or multiple quantitative determinations; the code is not related to cardiac MPI but included as an exampleData not applicable — not used with 78454.
    93000Electrocardiogram, routine ECG with at least 12 leads; with interpretation and reportPerformed before or during stress protocols to monitor rhythm and ischemic changes during a 78454 stress study.
    93015Cardiovascular stress test using treadmill or bicycle exercise, continuous ECG monitoring, and supervisionOften performed when exercise stress is feasible; exercise component may be used in conjunction with myocardial perfusion imaging.
    93798Physician supervision and interpretation of cardiovascular stress test using pharmacologic stress agent; supervision onlyUsed when pharmacologic stress (eg, regadenoson) is administered during 78454 and physician documents supervision/interpretation.
    71020Chest radiograph, single viewPerformed for pre-procedural evaluation or symptom assessment; not routinely required for MPI but may be done in the same encounter for chest symptoms.
    78491Myocardial perfusion imaging, tumor imaging; not directly relatedData not applicable — not used with 78454.

    Related Modifiers

    9 rows

    ModifierDescriptionWhen to Use
    26Modifier 26 (Professional Component) identifies and bills only the professional portion of a split service — the physician’s interpretation, report, and medical judgment — when the technical…- Use CPT Modifier -26 when you are billing only the professional component (PC) of a split‑bill eligible service—i.e., you performed the physician interpretation, medical judgment and prepared a…
    52Modifier ‑52 (Reduced Services) indicates that a service or procedure was partially reduced or omitted at the provider’s discretion, allowing reporting of the basic procedure number with a qualifier…- Use modifier -52 when a physician or qualified health professional electively reduces or omits part of a procedure or service (for example, performing fewer required views or omitting a portion of…
    53Modifier 53 (Discontinued Procedure) signals that a surgical or diagnostic service was begun by the physician but terminated because of extenuating circumstances that threatened the patient’s…- Use modifier -53 when a physician/qualified healthcare professional has started a surgical or diagnostic procedure (e.g., anesthesia administered, incision or scope insertion) and then discontinues…
    76Modifier -76, Repeat Procedure or Service by Same Physician or Other Qualified Health Care Professional, is appended when the same provider performs an identical, medically necessary procedure or…- Use modifier -76 when the same physician or other qualified health care professional performs an identical procedure or service a second (or subsequent) time on the same date of service and the…
    78CPT modifier -78 indicates an unplanned, related return to the operating or procedure room by the same provider during the global postoperative period. It is appended when treatment for a…- Use modifier -78 when an unplanned, related complication during the original procedure’s global postoperative period requires the patient to return to a formal operating or procedure room and the…
    22Modifier –22 (Increased Procedural Services) is used when a reported procedure is substantially more extensive than normally required. The CPT Manual and CMS state it may be appended only when the…- When to use: Append modifier -22 to a procedural CPT code when the service performed is substantially more extensive than the usual service described by that code — i.e., the procedure required…
    23Modifier -23 (Unusual Anesthesia) is used on anesthesia service CPT codes when a procedure that normally requires no anesthesia or only local anesthesia must be performed under general anesthesia…- Use modifier -23 only on anesthesia CPT codes (00100–01999) when a procedure that normally requires no anesthesia or only local anesthesia must be performed under general anesthesia because of…
    50Modifier –50 (Bilateral Procedure) is appended to a CPT code when an identical procedure is performed on paired anatomical structures during the same operative session. The AMA states to add…- Use modifier -50 when the same CPT surgical, diagnostic, or radiology procedure is performed on paired anatomical structures (both sides of the body) during the same operative/session by the same…
    59Modifier 59 indicates a distinct procedural service when two procedures that are not normally billed together are clinically and procedurally separate. The CPT definition (as reiterated by CMS)…- Use modifier -59 to report a distinct procedural service when documentation supports that the procedure reported is not normally billed together with another service on the same day because of a…

    Related Provider Taxonomies

    8 rows

    Taxonomy CodeSpecialtyNotes
    207RC0000XCardiovascular Disease PhysicianAn internist who specializes in diseases of the heart and blood vessels and manages complex cardiac conditions such as heart attacks and life-threaten…
    207L00000XAnesthesiology PhysicianAn anesthesiologist is trained to provide pain relief and maintenance, or restoration, of a stable condition during and immediately following an opera…
    207RR0500XRheumatology PhysicianAn internist who treats diseases of joints, muscle, bones and tendons. This specialist diagnoses and treats arthritis, back pain, muscle strains, comm…
    111NX0800XOrthopedic ChiropractorChiropractic Orthopedics/Neuromusculoskeletal Medicine is defined as that branch of chiropractic medicine that includes the continued acquisition of k…
    235Z00000XSpeech-Language PathologistThe speech-language pathologist is the professional who engages in clinical services, prevention, advocacy, education, administration, and research in…
    229N00000XAnaplastologistAn anaplastologist is a professional who creates prostheses for the face and body. Patients treated include those missing anatomy due to cancer, trau…
    101200000XDrama TherapistDrama therapists are trained in the intentional use of drama and theatre processes to achieve therapeutic goals. Drama therapists provide psychotherap…
    364SA2100XAcute Care Clinical Nurse SpecialistPhysician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers · Clinical Nurse Specialist

    Related ICD-10-CM Codes

    27 rows

    ICD-10-CM CodeDescription
    E11.9Type 2 diabetes mellitus without complications
    E78.5Hyperlipidemia, unspecified
    I20.0Unstable angina
    I20.9Angina pectoris, unspecified
    I21.09ST elevation (STEMI) myocardial infarction involving other coronary artery of anterior wall
    I21.19ST elevation (STEMI) myocardial infarction involving other coronary artery of inferior wall
    I21.3ST elevation (STEMI) myocardial infarction of unspecified site
    I22.9Subsequent ST elevation (STEMI) myocardial infarction of unspecified site
    I25.10Atherosclerotic heart disease of native coronary artery without angina pectoris
    I25.110Atherosclerotic heart disease of native coronary artery with unstable angina pectoris

    Showing 1–10 of 27

    Related Payer Policy Updates

    Specialty: Cardiology1 / 2

    10 rows

    PolicyPayerEffective Date
    Cardiac Computed Tomography (CCT)/Coronary Computed Tomographic Angiography (CCTA)univerahealthcare2026-10-15
    Cardiovascular Disease Risk AssessmentOscar Health2026-10-01
    Biomarkers for Myocardial Infarction and Chronic Heart FailureOscar Health2026-10-01
    Multiple Procedure Payment Reduction for Diagnostic Cardiovascular ProceduresBlue Cross Blue Shield - Maine2026-10-01
    Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessmentblue cross blue shield - louisiana2026-09-15
    Cardiovascular Disease Risk AssessmentBlue Cross Blue Shield - New Mexico2026-09-04
    Computed Tomography to Detect Coronary Artery CalcificationBluecross Idaho2026-09-01
    Intracoronary Drug Delivery Balloon ProceduresBlue Cross Blue Shield - Rhode Island2026-09-01
    Cardiac Imaging Guidelinesevicore2026-09-01
    Percutaneous Left Atrial Appendage Closure Device for Stroke PreventionAmbetter Georgia2026-08-26

    Related Codes

    CPT-78414-CARDIAC-PERFUSION-BLOOD-FLOW-ASSESSMENT

    CPT 78414: Cardiac Perfusion and Ejection Fraction Assessment

    CPT-78428-LEFT-TO-RIGHT-CARDIAC-SHUNT-DETECTION

    CPT 78428: Detection of Left-to-Right Cardiac Shunt

    CPT-78429-PET-MYOCARDIAL-IMAGING-PET-CT-MYOCARDIUM-FUNCTION

    CPT 78429: PET Myocardial Imaging, Single Study

    CPT-78430-PET-MYOCARDIAL-PERFUSION-IMAGING-REST-OR-STRESS

    CPT 78430: PET Myocardial Perfusion Imaging with CT

    CPT-78431-PET-MYOCARDIAL-PERFUSION-IMAGING-REST-AND-STRESS

    CPT 78431: PET Myocardial Perfusion with CT Transmission, Rest and Stress

    CPT-78432-PET-MYOCARDIAL-PERFUSION-METABOLIC-VIABILITY

    CPT 78432: PET Myocardial Perfusion and Viability Imaging

    CPT-78433-PET-MYOCARDIAL-PERFUSION-METABOLIC-IMAGING-CT

    CPT 78433: PET Myocardial Imaging for Perfusion and Metabolism

    CPT-78434-PET-MYOCARDIAL-PERFUSION-REST-AND-STRESS

    CPT 78434: PET Myocardial Blood Flow Study, Rest and Stress

    CPT-78445-ANGIOGRAPHY-VENOGRAPHY-DIAGNOSTIC-VASCULAR-IMAGING

    CPT 78445: Angiography/Venography Blood Flow Imaging

    CPT-78451-SINGLE-SPECT-MYOCARDIAL-PERFUSION-STUDY

    CPT 78451: Myocardial Perfusion SPECT, Single Study

    Showing 1–10 of 28

    Frequently Asked Questions

    References

    1. 1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.Maintains the CPT code set's official descriptions and guidelines, licensed from the American Medical Association, used as the definitional source for CPT codes on this page.
    2. 2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's quarterly release of HCPCS Level II codes and short/long descriptors, the source for HCPCS code definitions and update history.
    3. 3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's complete ICD-10-CM diagnosis code list, used to cross-reference diagnosis codes associated with this procedure or service.
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