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    v1.0.30
    OpenPayerBilling CodesRadiation Treatment ManagementCPT cpt-77431-radiotherapy-management-one-two-fraction-course
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    CPT 77431: Management of Short-Course Fractionated Radiotherapy

    Medicare pays $109 on average nationally for this procedure.

    CPT code 77431 describes physician management of a short course of fractionated radiotherapy delivered in one or two small daily doses (fractions) over multiple sessions; the service type is radiation therapy treatment management, typically provided in an outpatient radiation oncology clinic or hospital radiation therapy department where the physician oversees the complete course of care.

    For related coverage guidance, see recent payer policy updates: Radiation oncology coverage and treatment delivery guidelines, Proton Beam Therapy, Radiation and Oncologic Procedures.

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    Table of contents

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    Clinical & Coding Specifications

    Clinical Context

    A typical patient is an adult with a confirmed localized malignancy (for example, early-stage breast cancer or prostate cancer) referred for fractionated external beam radiotherapy. The radiation oncologist conducts an initial consultation including history, physical exam, review of diagnostic imaging (CT/MRI/PET), and multidisciplinary discussion. A simulation session is scheduled to obtain a CT simulation with immobilization devices and to mark set-up references. Treatment planning is performed by the radiation oncologist and medical physicist to delineate target volumes and organs at risk, generate dose-volume constraints, and create a treatment plan. The patient then receives daily or alternate-day fractions over several weeks; the physician manages the complete course of radiotherapy, documents weekly on-treatment visits addressing toxicity, assesses response, and modifies the plan or provides treatment breaks as needed. Typical site of service is an outpatient radiation oncology clinic or hospital-based radiation therapy department where linear accelerator-based external beam radiotherapy is delivered. Typical service type is physician global management of a fractionated radiotherapy course, including supervision of simulation, planning, verification, and on-treatment management.

    Related CPT Codes

    CPT CodeDescriptionRelationship to This Procedure
    77261Therapeutic radiology simulation-aided field setting; complexSimulation procedure used to localize and immobilize the patient prior to fractionated radiotherapy planning.
    77301Radiation treatment planning, simpleInitial treatment planning services required to design the radiotherapy course; used when planning complexity is low.
    77336Continuing medical physics consultation, dosimetry, and treatment devices, per course of radiation therapyPhysics and dosimetry services performed alongside physician management to ensure accurate dose delivery.
    77427Radiation treatment management for stereotactic body radiotherapy, per sessionUsed when stereotactic techniques are employed; relates as an alternative management code for highly hypofractionated courses.
    G0339Physician radiation treatment supervision and management, five treatmentsUsed for billing supervision and management in groupings for certain payers; relates to course-based counting of treatment visits.

    Related Modifiers

    10 rows

    ModifierDescriptionWhen to Use
    26Modifier 26 (Professional Component) identifies and bills only the professional portion of a split service — the physician’s interpretation, report, and medical judgment — when the technical…- Use CPT Modifier -26 when you are billing only the professional component (PC) of a split‑bill eligible service—i.e., you performed the physician interpretation, medical judgment and prepared a…
    59Modifier 59 indicates a distinct procedural service when two procedures that are not normally billed together are clinically and procedurally separate. The CPT definition (as reiterated by CMS)…- Use modifier -59 to report a distinct procedural service when documentation supports that the procedure reported is not normally billed together with another service on the same day because of a…
    62Modifier 62 indicates that two surgeons function as co‑surgeons, each performing distinct parts of the same primary surgical procedure. It is appended to the primary procedure code (and any…- Use modifier -62 when two surgeons act as co‑surgeons (both primary surgeons) on a single definitive primary procedure, each performing distinct parts of the same surgical procedure (append -62 to…
    78CPT modifier -78 indicates an unplanned, related return to the operating or procedure room by the same provider during the global postoperative period. It is appended when treatment for a…- Use modifier -78 when an unplanned, related complication during the original procedure’s global postoperative period requires the patient to return to a formal operating or procedure room and the…
    80CPT® Modifier 80 (Assistant Surgeon) is appended to a surgical CPT code when a physician (MD or DO) provides full, continuous assistance throughout the operative procedure. It is intended only for…- Use CPT Modifier -80 when a physician (MD or DO) serves as an assistant surgeon and provides full, continuous assistance throughout the entire operative procedure; append -80 to the surgical CPT…
    22Modifier –22 (Increased Procedural Services) is used when a reported procedure is substantially more extensive than normally required. The CPT Manual and CMS state it may be appended only when the…- When to use: Append modifier -22 to a procedural CPT code when the service performed is substantially more extensive than the usual service described by that code — i.e., the procedure required…
    52Modifier ‑52 (Reduced Services) indicates that a service or procedure was partially reduced or omitted at the provider’s discretion, allowing reporting of the basic procedure number with a qualifier…- Use modifier -52 when a physician or qualified health professional electively reduces or omits part of a procedure or service (for example, performing fewer required views or omitting a portion of…
    53Modifier 53 (Discontinued Procedure) signals that a surgical or diagnostic service was begun by the physician but terminated because of extenuating circumstances that threatened the patient’s…- Use modifier -53 when a physician/qualified healthcare professional has started a surgical or diagnostic procedure (e.g., anesthesia administered, incision or scope insertion) and then discontinues…
    55Modifier –55 indicates the billing provider furnished only postoperative management for a procedure that has a global surgical period. According to AAPC, this modifier is appended to the same CPT…- Use modifier -55 when billing the same CPT surgical code that has a 10- or 90-day global period and you, as a provider other than the original surgeon, furnished ONLY postoperative management (no…
    76Modifier -76, Repeat Procedure or Service by Same Physician or Other Qualified Health Care Professional, is appended when the same provider performs an identical, medically necessary procedure or…- Use modifier -76 when the same physician or other qualified health care professional performs an identical procedure or service a second (or subsequent) time on the same date of service and the…

    Related Provider Taxonomies

    8 rows

    Taxonomy Code
    2084P0800X
    207RC0000X
    208800000X
    208D00000X
    363L00000X
    207R00000X
    344600000X
    291U00000X

    Related ICD-10-CM Codes

    28 rows

    ICD-10-CM CodeDescription
    C16.9Malignant neoplasm of stomach, unspecified
    C18.9Malignant neoplasm of colon, unspecified
    C22.0Liver cell carcinoma
    C25.9Malignant neoplasm of pancreas, unspecified
    C34.90Malignant neoplasm of unspecified part of unspecified bronchus or lung
    C43.9Malignant melanoma of skin, unspecified
    C44.91Basal cell carcinoma of skin, unspecified
    C50.912Malignant neoplasm of unspecified site of left female breast
    C54.9Malignant neoplasm of corpus uteri, unspecified
    C56.9Malignant neoplasm of unspecified ovary

    Showing 1–10 of 28

    Related Payer Policy Updates

    Specialty: Radiation Oncology1 / 2

    10 rows

    PolicyPayerEffective Date
    Radiation oncology coverage and treatment delivery guidelinesevicore2026-11-05
    Proton Beam Therapyuniversityofutahhealthplans2026-10-25
    Radiation and Oncologic ProceduresUnitedHealthcare2026-09-01
    Electronic Brachytherapy for Nonmelanoma Skin CancerBluecross Idaho2026-07-30
    Surface Radiation Therapy for Treatment of Non-Melanoma Skin Cancereocco2026-07-09
    Radiofrequency Ablation of Tumors Outside the LiverProvidence Health Plan2026-07-01
    Therapeutic Radiopharmaceuticals in Oncology (Lutathera, Pluvicto, Xofigo) Coverage CriteriaBlue Cross Blue Shield - North Carolina2026-07-01
    Intensity Modulated Radiation TherapyAmbetter Georgia2026-06-01
    Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) of Tumors Other Than LiverBlue Cross Blue Shield - Rhode Island2026-06-01
    Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) — NanoKnife (Preauthorization Required)Blue Cross Blue Shield - Nebraska2026-06-01

    Related Codes

    CPT-77427-RADIATION-THERAPY-MANAGEMENT-EXTERNAL-BEAM

    CPT 77427: Radiation Treatment Management

    CPT-77432-SINGLE-SESSION-STEREOTACTIC-RADIOSURGERY-PROFESSIONAL

    CPT 77432: Stereotactic Radiosurgery, Single Session (Professional Component)

    CPT-77435-STEREOTACTIC-BODY-RADIOTHERAPY-TREATMENT-MANAGEMENT

    CPT 77435: Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy Course (≤5 Fractions)

    CPT-77437-SUPERFICIAL-RADIATION-THERAPY-PER-FRACTION

    CPT 77437: Superficial Radiation Therapy, Per Fraction

    CPT-77438-ORTHOVOLTAGE-SURFACE-RADIATION-THERAPY-SINGLE-FRACTION

    CPT 77438: Orthovoltage Surface Radiation Therapy, Single Fraction

    CPT-77439-ULTRASOUND-GUIDED-SRT-FIELD-PLACEMENT

    CPT 77439: Ultrasound-Guided SRT Field Localization for Cutaneous Tumors

    CPT-77469-INTRAOPERATIVE-RADIATION-THERAPY-IORT-DURING-SURGERY

    CPT 77469: Intraoperative Radiation Therapy Management

    CPT-77470-SPECIAL-RADIOTHERAPY-MANAGEMENT

    CPT 77470: Special Radiotherapy Procedures Requiring Additional Management

    CPT-77499-UNLISTED-THERAPEUTIC-RADIOLOGY-TREATMENT-MANAGEMENT

    CPT 77499: Therapeutic Radiology Treatment Management, Unlisted

    Frequently Asked Questions

    References

    1. 1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.Maintains the CPT code set's official descriptions and guidelines, licensed from the American Medical Association, used as the definitional source for CPT codes on this page.
    2. 2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's quarterly release of HCPCS Level II codes and short/long descriptors, the source for HCPCS code definitions and update history.
    3. 3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's complete ICD-10-CM diagnosis code list, used to cross-reference diagnosis codes associated with this procedure or service.
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