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    OpenPayerBilling CodesRepair Procedures on the PenisCPT cpt-54390-epispadias-and-bladder-exstrophy-repair
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    CPT 54390: Repair of Distal Epispadias with Bladder Exstrophy

    Medicare pays $1129 on average nationally for this procedure.

    CPT code 54390 describes surgical correction of distal epispadias combined with bladder exstrophy repair, addressing congenital malformation where the urethral opening is on the dorsal penis and the bladder is exposed outside the abdomen; service type: reconstructive pediatric urologic surgery; typical site of service: inpatient hospital or specialized pediatric surgical center where complex genitourinary reconstruction and bladder closure are performed.

    For related coverage guidance, see recent payer policy updates: Lymphedema - Surgical Treatment - Medical Policy, Breast Reduction (Mammoplasty) Surgery, Surgical Treatments for Lymphedema and Lipedema.

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    Table of contents

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    Clinical & Coding Specifications

    Clinical Context

    A pediatric patient, typically an infant or young child, presents with congenital bladder exstrophy and associated epispadias identified at birth. The patient has an exposed bladder plate on the lower abdominal wall with malpositioned urethral meatus on the dorsal penis and urinary incontinence. Preoperative evaluation includes renal ultrasound to assess for hydronephrosis or reflux nephropathy, urinalysis and urine culture to identify infection, and planning with pediatric urology and pediatric anesthesia. Surgical workflow: induction of general anesthesia in an operating room setting; prophylactic antibiotics administered; mobilization and closure of the bladder exstrophy with reconstruction of the bladder and abdominal wall; simultaneous epispadias repair to reposition and reconstruct the urethra and glans; placement of urinary stents or catheter for urinary drainage; potential osteotomy if pelvic ring reconstruction is required; postoperative admission for monitoring, pain control, urinary function assessment, and catheter management. Typical site of service is an inpatient operating room within a tertiary pediatric hospital or pediatric surgical center. Common payors for authorization and claims processing include Aetna, Blue Cross Blue Shield, Cigna Health, UnitedHealthcare, BUCA, and Medicare.

    Related CPT Codes

    CPT CodeDescriptionRelationship to This Procedure
    50790Repair of vesicoureteral fistulaMay be performed if fistula present or identified during reconstruction of bladder exstrophy.
    53160Repair of epispadias or hypospadias, primary, with urethroplastyCodes for isolated urethral reconstruction; represents component of epispadias repair when billed separately or in staged procedures.
    51100Cystoplasty, augmentation of urinary bladderMay be performed in conjunction with bladder reconstruction when increased bladder capacity is required.
    49568Repair of large abdominal wall defect (eg, exstrophy closure techniques)Related abdominal wall closure or reconstruction techniques performed during bladder exstrophy repair.
    55899Unlisted procedure, male genital systemUsed when a specific reconstructive step for epispadias/exstrophy has no exact CPT and a detailed operative report justifies billing.

    Related Modifiers

    12 rows

    ModifierDescriptionWhen to Use
    22Modifier –22 (Increased Procedural Services) is used when a reported procedure is substantially more extensive than normally required. The CPT Manual and CMS state it may be appended only when the…- When to use: Append modifier -22 to a procedural CPT code when the service performed is substantially more extensive than the usual service described by that code — i.e., the procedure required…
    23Modifier -23 (Unusual Anesthesia) is used on anesthesia service CPT codes when a procedure that normally requires no anesthesia or only local anesthesia must be performed under general anesthesia…- Use modifier -23 only on anesthesia CPT codes (00100–01999) when a procedure that normally requires no anesthesia or only local anesthesia must be performed under general anesthesia because of…
    26Modifier 26 (Professional Component) identifies and bills only the professional portion of a split service — the physician’s interpretation, report, and medical judgment — when the technical…- Use CPT Modifier -26 when you are billing only the professional component (PC) of a split‑bill eligible service—i.e., you performed the physician interpretation, medical judgment and prepared a…
    50Modifier –50 (Bilateral Procedure) is appended to a CPT code when an identical procedure is performed on paired anatomical structures during the same operative session. The AMA states to add…- Use modifier -50 when the same CPT surgical, diagnostic, or radiology procedure is performed on paired anatomical structures (both sides of the body) during the same operative/session by the same…
    51Modifier –51 (Multiple Procedures) is used when the same provider performs multiple procedures in the same session to identify secondary, non‑exempt procedures and indicate payment reduction logic…- Use modifier -51 when the same provider performs multiple distinct procedures during the same patient encounter: report the highest‑valued procedure first (no modifier) and append -51 to…
    52Modifier ‑52 (Reduced Services) indicates that a service or procedure was partially reduced or omitted at the provider’s discretion, allowing reporting of the basic procedure number with a qualifier…- Use modifier -52 when a physician or qualified health professional electively reduces or omits part of a procedure or service (for example, performing fewer required views or omitting a portion of…
    53Modifier 53 (Discontinued Procedure) signals that a surgical or diagnostic service was begun by the physician but terminated because of extenuating circumstances that threatened the patient’s…- Use modifier -53 when a physician/qualified healthcare professional has started a surgical or diagnostic procedure (e.g., anesthesia administered, incision or scope insertion) and then discontinues…
    54Modifier ‑54 (“Surgical care only”) is appended to a CPT surgical procedure when the reporting surgeon performs the intraoperative (surgical) component but does not furnish the preoperative and/or…- Use modifier -54 when the reporting surgeon provided only the intraoperative (surgical) component of a procedure and preoperative and/or postoperative management has been or will be provided by…
    55Modifier –55 indicates the billing provider furnished only postoperative management for a procedure that has a global surgical period. According to AAPC, this modifier is appended to the same CPT…- Use modifier -55 when billing the same CPT surgical code that has a 10- or 90-day global period and you, as a provider other than the original surgeon, furnished ONLY postoperative management (no…
    56Modifier ‑56 indicates the reporting provider furnished only the preoperative management for a surgical procedure and did not perform the intraoperative or postoperative care. It is used in…- Use Modifier -56 when a provider performs only the preoperative management in a split‑care situation (one physician manages preop care while a different physician performs the intraoperative…

    Showing 1–10 of 12

    Related Provider Taxonomies

    8 rows

    Taxonomy Code
    208U00000X
    208000000X
    207Q00000X
    207L00000X
    363AS0400X
    104100000X
    193400000X
    261QF0050X

    Related ICD-10-CM Codes

    26 rows

    ICD-10-CM CodeDescription
    E87.5Hyperkalemia
    N10Acute pyelonephritis
    N12Tubulo-interstitial nephritis, not specified as acute or chronic
    N13.6Pyonephrosis
    N17.9Acute kidney failure, unspecified
    N18.9Chronic kidney disease, unspecified
    N20.0Calculus of kidney
    N28.9Disorder of kidney and ureter, unspecified
    N30.00Acute cystitis without hematuria
    N32.89Other specified disorders of bladder

    Showing 1–10 of 26

    Related Payer Policy Updates

    Specialty: Plastic/Reconstructive Surgery1 / 2

    10 rows

    PolicyPayerEffective Date
    Lymphedema - Surgical Treatment - Medical PolicyHealth-New-England2027-02-01
    Breast Reduction (Mammoplasty) SurgeryKaiser Permanente2027-02-01
    Surgical Treatments for Lymphedema and Lipedemaregence2027-01-01
    Surgical Treatments for Lymphedema and Lipedemaregence2027-01-01
    Mastectomy Treatment, Breast Reconstruction and Mastectomy Hospital Stays MandatesBlue Cross Blue Shield - Rhode Island2027-01-01
    Dermal Fillers for Facial LipoatrophyKaiser Permanente2026-12-01
    Rhinoplastyregence2026-12-01
    Lipodystrophy Syndrome - HIV Associated - Medical PolicyHealth-New-England2026-12-01
    Abdominal Panniculectomy and Excision of Excessive Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue - Medical PolicyHealth-New-England2026-12-01
    Rhinoplasty and Other Nasal SurgeriesProvidence Health Plan2026-11-01

    Related Codes

    CPT-54300-CHORDEE-CORRECTION-URETHRAL-MOBILIZATION

    CPT 54300: Correction of Chordee (Penile Curvature)

    CPT-54304-CHORDEE-HYPOSPADIAS-REPAIR-STAGE-1

    CPT 54304: Chordee Correction or First-Stage Hypospadias Repair

    CPT-54308-HYPOSPADIAS-SECOND-STAGE-REPAIR-DISTAL-URETHRA

    CPT 54308: Second-Stage Hypospadias Repair with Distal Urethroplasty

    CPT-54312-HYPOSPADIAS-SECOND-STAGE-URETHROPLASTY

    CPT 54312: Second-Stage Hypospadias Repair with Distal Urethra >3 cm

    CPT-54316-HYPOSPADIAS-SECOND-STAGE-REPAIR-SKIN-GRAFT

    CPT 54316: Hypospadias Repair, Second-Stage with Skin Graft

    CPT-54318-HYPOSPADIAS-REPAIR-THIRD-STAGE-RELEASE

    CPT 54318: Third-Stage Hypospadias Repair, Release of Sutures

    CPT-54322-HYPOSPADIAS-MEATAL-ADVANCEMENT-V-FLAP-REPAIR

    CPT 54322: Hypospadias Repair with Meatal Advancement or V-Flap

    CPT-54324-HYPOSPADIAS-REPAIR-SINGLE-STAGE-URETHROPLASTY-LOCAL-FLAP

    CPT 54324: Hypospadias Repair with Local Skin Flap

    CPT-54326-HYPOSPADIAS-REPAIR-URETHROPLASTY-LOCAL-SKIN-FLAPS

    CPT 54326: Single-Stage Hypospadias Repair with Urethroplasty

    CPT-54328-SINGLE-STAGE-HYPOSPADIAS-REPAIR-CHORDEE-CORRECTION

    CPT 54328: Single‑Stage Hypospadias Repair with Chordee Correction

    Showing 1–10 of 34

    Frequently Asked Questions

    References

    1. 1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.Maintains the CPT code set's official descriptions and guidelines, licensed from the American Medical Association, used as the definitional source for CPT codes on this page.
    2. 2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's quarterly release of HCPCS Level II codes and short/long descriptors, the source for HCPCS code definitions and update history.
    3. 3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's complete ICD-10-CM diagnosis code list, used to cross-reference diagnosis codes associated with this procedure or service.
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