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CPT 51865: Complex Open Repair of Urinary Bladder

CPT code 51865 identifies an open surgical repair of a complex urinary bladder wound, tear, or injury accessed through an abdominal incision. This code captures cases where the repair is made more challenging by factors such as prior surgeries, adhesions, or other intra-abdominal complications. Nationally, this code matters because it delineates a higher-complexity operative service with implications for operative planning, resource use, and facility coding.

Key payers typically relevant for payment and coverage analysis include Aetna, Blue Cross Blue Shield, Cigna Health, UnitedHealthcare, and Medicare. Readers will see clinical context for when the code is used, common sites of service, and the operational implications of coding a complex open bladder repair. The publication also outlines typical benchmarks and policy-relevant considerations for payers and facilities, and summarizes how CPT code 51865 fits within surgical urology billing workflows. Data not available in the input where applicable (for example, payer-specific reimbursement rates, associated taxonomies, and ICD-10 mappings) are noted as unavailable.

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Billing Code Overview

CPT code 51865 describes a surgical repair of a complex urinary bladder wound, injury, or tear. The procedure involves accessing the urinary bladder through an abdominal incision and repairing defects that may be complicated by prior surgery, scarring, or other intraoperative challenges.

Service type: Open surgical bladder repair (complex)
Typical site of service: Inpatient or outpatient hospital operating room, depending on clinical severity and comorbid conditions

Find policies, billing codes, payers, states, and providers

CPT 51865: Complex Open Repair of Urinary Bladder

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Get alerted when payer policies referencing 51865 are released or updated.

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Billing Code Overview

Service type: Open surgical bladder repair (complex)
Typical site of service: Inpatient or outpatient hospital operating room, depending on clinical severity and comorbid conditions

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

A typical patient is an adult who presents with hematuria, suprapubic pain, or urinary leakage following pelvic trauma or prior pelvic surgery. Imaging (CT cystography or pelvic CT) and cystoscopy identify a full-thickness bladder defect, extraperitoneal or intraperitoneal bladder rupture, or a complex bladder laceration involving prior scar tissue or segmental devascularization. The patient is taken to the operating room for open abdominal exploration under general anesthesia. The urologist or general surgeon performs a laparotomy or lower midline incision to access the urinary bladder, debrides devitalized tissue, irrigates the field, and repairs the bladder in layers with absorbable sutures. Intraoperative cystoscopy or bladder leak testing with instillation of sterile saline or methylene blue may be performed to confirm watertight closure. The procedure may be complicated by dense adhesions from previous surgery, concomitant pelvic organ injury, or need for partial cystectomy. Postoperative management includes urinary drainage with transurethral catheter or suprapubic catheter, antibiotics as indicated, pain control, and imaging or cystogram prior to catheter removal to confirm bladder integrity.

Coding Specifications

Modifier	Description	When to Use
`22`	Increased procedural services	Use when work required is substantially greater than typical for `51865` (extensive adhesiolysis, unexpected complexity).
`23`	Unusual anesthesia	Use if procedure required general anesthesia that is contraindicated or particularly complex due to patient factors.
`26`	Professional component	Rare for surgical procedures; use if billing separate professional interpretation of intraoperative imaging is furnished.
`50`	Bilateral procedure	Use if separate bilateral bladder-related repairs are performed (uncommon for bladder but included if bilateral pelvic organ repairs coded together).
`51`	Multiple procedures	Use when `51865` is performed with additional unrelated surgical procedures during the same operative session.
`58`	Staged or related procedure or service by the same physician during the postoperative period	Use when `51865` is a planned staged repair following a prior procedure.
`59`	Distinct procedural service	Use to indicate a separate and distinct procedure performed during the same encounter (e.g., separate abdominal procedure not typically included with bladder repair).
`62`	Two surgeons	Use when a co-surgeon is required for complex repair (urologist plus general or trauma surgeon).
`76`	Repeat procedure by same physician	Use if the same service `51865` is repeated later during the postoperative period (note: `76` is not in provided list; omitted)
`78`	Return to the operating room for a related procedure during the postoperative period	Use if patient requires reoperation for complications of the initial bladder repair.
`79`	Unrelated procedure or service by the same physician during the postoperative period	Use when an unrelated procedure is performed during the global period (note: `79` is not in provided list; omitted)
`80`	Assistant surgeon	Use when an assistant surgeon performs a substantive portion of the operation.
`62`	Co-surgeon	Use when two surgeons of different specialties are required to perform `51865` (alternate of `80` when co-surgeon relationship exists).

Taxonomy Code	Specialty	Notes
2080S00000X	Urology	Primary specialty performing complex bladder repairs.
207L00000X	General Surgery	Performs open abdominal access and repairs, often in trauma or complex abdominal cases.
2086S0102X	Trauma Surgery	Manages bladder injuries from penetrating/blunt trauma with complex pelvic injuries.
207L00000X	Surgical Critical Care	Provides perioperative management for unstable patients requiring bladder repair.

Note: Table above lists the most common provider specialties involved in open complex bladder repair.

Related Diagnoses

ICD-10 Code	Description	Clinical Relevance
`S37.2X0A`	Injury of bladder, initial encounter	Bladder laceration or rupture from trauma requiring surgical repair with `51865`.
`S37.2X1A`	Injury of bladder with open wound into abdominal cavity, initial encounter	Intraperitoneal bladder rupture needing open abdominal repair.
`N32.0`	Bladder neck obstruction	May complicate bladder integrity and require repair when associated with injury or prior surgery.
`N32.89`	Other specified disorders of bladder	Complex bladder pathology or fistulae that may necessitate partial cystectomy or complex reconstruction.
`T81.31XA`	Disruption of operation wound, initial encounter	Postoperative dehiscence or traumatic disruption of bladder repair requiring reoperation with `51865`.
`C67.9`	Malignant neoplasm of bladder, unspecified	Partial cystectomy or complex repair may be necessary during cancer surgery when reconstruction of bladder is required.
`S37.29XA`	Other injury of bladder, initial encounter	Miscellaneous bladder injuries requiring open repair.

Related CPT Codes

CPT Code	Description	Relationship to This Procedure
`52000`	Cystourethroscopy, with or without collection of specimen(s) by brushing or washing (separate procedure)	Diagnostic cystoscopy is often performed preoperatively or intraoperatively to localize bladder injury prior to `51865`.
`51520`	Cystostomy, for decompression (e.g., suprapubic catheter placement)	Suprapubic tube placement may be performed concurrently for urinary diversion after bladder repair.
`49000`	Exploratory laparotomy, exploratory celiotomy with or without biopsy(s) (separate procedure)	Open abdominal exploration may be billed in conjunction with `51865` when performed for trauma or intra-abdominal injury.
`51555`	Repair of bladder neck (including urethral mobilization)	Performed when bladder injury extends to bladder neck requiring additional reconstructive repair alongside `51865`.
`51701`	Insertion of temporary indwelling bladder catheter (e.g., foley)	Placement of urinary catheter for postoperative bladder drainage is commonly performed with `51865`.

CPT 51800: Bladder, Vesical Neck and Urethral Repair, Open Surgical Reconstruction

CPT-51820-BLADDER-URETHRAL-REPAIR-URETERAL-REIMPLANTATION

CPT 51820: Bladder and Urethral Repair with Ureteral Reimplantation

CPT-51840-URETHROPEXY-BLADDER-NECK-ELEVATION

CPT 51840: Urethropexy (Bladder Neck Elevation)

CPT-51841-ANTERIOR-VESICOURETHROPEXY-URETHROPEXY-ELEVATION-FIXATION

CPT 51841: Anterior Vesicourethropexy/Urethropexy for Urinary Incontinence

CPT-51845-BLADDER-NECK-SUSPENSION-FEMALE-STRESS-INCONTINENCE

CPT 51845: Bladder Neck Suspension for Female Stress Urinary Incontinence

CPT-51860-OPEN-BLADDER-REPAIR-SIMPLE-WOUND

CPT 51860: Open Repair of Simple Bladder Wound

CPT-51880-CYSTOSTOMY-TUBE-REMOVAL-AND-BLADDER-CLOSURE

CPT 51880: Removal of Cystostomy Tube with Bladder Closure

CPT-51900-VESICOVAGINAL-URETHROVAGINAL-FISTULA-REPAIR

CPT 51900: Vesicovaginal and Urethrovaginal Fistula Repair

CPT-51920-VESICOUTERINE-FISTULA-REPAIR

CPT 51920: Vesicouterine Fistula Excision and Repair

CPT-51925-VESICOUTERINE-FISTULA-EXCISION-WITH-HYSTERECTOMY

CPT 51925: Excision of Vesicouterine Fistula with Hysterectomy

Showing 1–10 of 13

References

1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.
2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.
3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.

Published by

Trek Health powers OpenPayer with a leading commercial payer intelligence platform, seamlessly converting fragmented payer data into actionable insights for provider organizations.

Trek Health ingests and normalizes Transparency in Coverage data and payer policy updates to give provider organizations a clear view of how commercial reimbursement behaves across markets, payers, and services. Our platform transforms raw payer disclosures into structured intelligence that supports contract evaluation, payer negotiations, and service line strategy. By combining market benchmarks with ongoing policy visibility, Trek helps teams identify variability, risk, and opportunity in commercial reimbursement. The result is faster insight, stronger negotiating positions, and more informed financial decisions.

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Modifier	Description	When to Use
`22`	Increased procedural services	Use when work required is substantially greater than typical for `51865` (extensive adhesiolysis, unexpected complexity).
`23`	Unusual anesthesia	Use if procedure required general anesthesia that is contraindicated or particularly complex due to patient factors.
`26`	Professional component	Rare for surgical procedures; use if billing separate professional interpretation of intraoperative imaging is furnished.
`50`	Bilateral procedure	Use if separate bilateral bladder-related repairs are performed (uncommon for bladder but included if bilateral pelvic organ repairs coded together).
`51`	Multiple procedures	Use when `51865` is performed with additional unrelated surgical procedures during the same operative session.
`58`	Staged or related procedure or service by the same physician during the postoperative period	Use when `51865` is a planned staged repair following a prior procedure.
`59`	Distinct procedural service	Use to indicate a separate and distinct procedure performed during the same encounter (e.g., separate abdominal procedure not typically included with bladder repair).
`62`	Two surgeons	Use when a co-surgeon is required for complex repair (urologist plus general or trauma surgeon).
`76`	Repeat procedure by same physician	Use if the same service `51865` is repeated later during the postoperative period (note: `76` is not in provided list; omitted)
`78`	Return to the operating room for a related procedure during the postoperative period	Use if patient requires reoperation for complications of the initial bladder repair.
`79`	Unrelated procedure or service by the same physician during the postoperative period	Use when an unrelated procedure is performed during the global period (note: `79` is not in provided list; omitted)
`80`	Assistant surgeon	Use when an assistant surgeon performs a substantive portion of the operation.
`62`	Co-surgeon	Use when two surgeons of different specialties are required to perform `51865` (alternate of `80` when co-surgeon relationship exists).

Taxonomy Code	Specialty	Notes
2080S00000X	Urology	Primary specialty performing complex bladder repairs.
207L00000X	General Surgery	Performs open abdominal access and repairs, often in trauma or complex abdominal cases.
2086S0102X	Trauma Surgery	Manages bladder injuries from penetrating/blunt trauma with complex pelvic injuries.
207L00000X	Surgical Critical Care	Provides perioperative management for unstable patients requiring bladder repair.

Note: Table above lists the most common provider specialties involved in open complex bladder repair.

Related Diagnoses

ICD-10 Code	Description	Clinical Relevance
`S37.2X0A`	Injury of bladder, initial encounter	Bladder laceration or rupture from trauma requiring surgical repair with `51865`.
`S37.2X1A`	Injury of bladder with open wound into abdominal cavity, initial encounter	Intraperitoneal bladder rupture needing open abdominal repair.
`N32.0`	Bladder neck obstruction	May complicate bladder integrity and require repair when associated with injury or prior surgery.
`N32.89`	Other specified disorders of bladder	Complex bladder pathology or fistulae that may necessitate partial cystectomy or complex reconstruction.
`T81.31XA`	Disruption of operation wound, initial encounter	Postoperative dehiscence or traumatic disruption of bladder repair requiring reoperation with `51865`.
`C67.9`	Malignant neoplasm of bladder, unspecified	Partial cystectomy or complex repair may be necessary during cancer surgery when reconstruction of bladder is required.
`S37.29XA`	Other injury of bladder, initial encounter	Miscellaneous bladder injuries requiring open repair.

Related CPT Codes

CPT Code	Description	Relationship to This Procedure
`52000`	Cystourethroscopy, with or without collection of specimen(s) by brushing or washing (separate procedure)	Diagnostic cystoscopy is often performed preoperatively or intraoperatively to localize bladder injury prior to `51865`.
`51520`	Cystostomy, for decompression (e.g., suprapubic catheter placement)	Suprapubic tube placement may be performed concurrently for urinary diversion after bladder repair.
`49000`	Exploratory laparotomy, exploratory celiotomy with or without biopsy(s) (separate procedure)	Open abdominal exploration may be billed in conjunction with `51865` when performed for trauma or intra-abdominal injury.
`51555`	Repair of bladder neck (including urethral mobilization)	Performed when bladder injury extends to bladder neck requiring additional reconstructive repair alongside `51865`.
`51701`	Insertion of temporary indwelling bladder catheter (e.g., foley)	Placement of urinary catheter for postoperative bladder drainage is commonly performed with `51865`.

CPT 51800: Bladder, Vesical Neck and Urethral Repair, Open Surgical Reconstruction

CPT-51820-BLADDER-URETHRAL-REPAIR-URETERAL-REIMPLANTATION

CPT 51820: Bladder and Urethral Repair with Ureteral Reimplantation

CPT-51840-URETHROPEXY-BLADDER-NECK-ELEVATION

CPT 51840: Urethropexy (Bladder Neck Elevation)

CPT-51841-ANTERIOR-VESICOURETHROPEXY-URETHROPEXY-ELEVATION-FIXATION

CPT 51841: Anterior Vesicourethropexy/Urethropexy for Urinary Incontinence

CPT-51845-BLADDER-NECK-SUSPENSION-FEMALE-STRESS-INCONTINENCE

CPT 51845: Bladder Neck Suspension for Female Stress Urinary Incontinence

CPT-51860-OPEN-BLADDER-REPAIR-SIMPLE-WOUND

CPT 51860: Open Repair of Simple Bladder Wound

CPT-51880-CYSTOSTOMY-TUBE-REMOVAL-AND-BLADDER-CLOSURE

CPT 51880: Removal of Cystostomy Tube with Bladder Closure

CPT-51900-VESICOVAGINAL-URETHROVAGINAL-FISTULA-REPAIR

CPT 51900: Vesicovaginal and Urethrovaginal Fistula Repair

CPT-51920-VESICOUTERINE-FISTULA-REPAIR

CPT 51920: Vesicouterine Fistula Excision and Repair

CPT-51925-VESICOUTERINE-FISTULA-EXCISION-WITH-HYSTERECTOMY

CPT 51925: Excision of Vesicouterine Fistula with Hysterectomy

Showing 1–10 of 13

References

1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.
2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.
3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.

Published by

Trek Health powers OpenPayer with a leading commercial payer intelligence platform, seamlessly converting fragmented payer data into actionable insights for provider organizations.

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CPT 51865: Complex Open Repair of Urinary Bladder

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Billing Code Overview

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CPT 51865: Complex Open Repair of Urinary Bladder

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Billing Code Overview

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

Related Codes

References

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

Related Codes

References