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    OpenPayerBilling CodesRepair, Excision, Exploration, Revision Procedures on Arteries and VeinsCPT cpt-35870-graft-enteric-fistula-repair
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    CPT 35870: Repair of Vascular Graft–Enteric Fistula

    Medicare pays $1134 on average nationally for this procedure.

    CPT code 35870 describes surgical correction of an abnormal opening between a vascular graft and the intestines (repair of a graft–enteric fistula), a vascular surgery procedure typically performed in an operating room or other inpatient surgical setting to close the fistulous connection and restore vascular and gastrointestinal integrity.

    For related coverage guidance, see recent payer policy updates: Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - Non-Oncologic Applications, Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Oncologic Applications, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Prostate.

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    Table of contents

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    Clinical & Coding Specifications

    Clinical Context

    A 68-year-old male with a history of peripheral arterial disease and an aorto-bifemoral synthetic graft presents with fever, abdominal pain, and enteric drainage from a previous retroperitoneal incision. Imaging (CT abdomen/pelvis with contrast) demonstrates communication between the vascular graft and adjacent small bowel consistent with a graft-enteric fistula. The vascular surgery team evaluates the patient, confirms hemodynamic stability or addresses sepsis, and proceeds to the operating room for operative management. The procedure described by 35870 involves exploring the abdomen, identifying the abnormal opening between the vascular graft and the intestine, controlling contamination, and surgically closing or revising the fistulous communication. Intraoperative steps commonly include vascular control proximal and distal to the graft, bowel mobilization and possible segmental resection with primary anastomosis or diversion, graft debridement or partial graft revision, irrigation, and primary closure of the enteric defect. Postoperative management includes intensive monitoring for bleeding and infection, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and coordination with infectious disease for long-term graft infection management. Typical site of service is an inpatient operating room; this is a major surgical procedure performed by vascular surgeons often in conjunction with general or colorectal surgeons when bowel resection is required. Typical patient scenario: older adult with prior vascular graft placement presenting with signs of graft infection and enteric fistulization requiring urgent surgical repair under general anesthesia with possible bowel resection and graft management.

    Related CPT Codes

    CPT CodeDescriptionRelationship to This Procedure
    34101Repair of arteriovenous malformation or excision of vascular lesion (Note: code example)May be used when additional vascular repair or excision is required during graft-related surgery
    44120Enterectomy, resection of small intestine; single segmentPerformed when segmental small bowel resection is required for infected or fistulized bowel adjacent to the graft
    44140Enterolysis (lysis of adhesions), small intestineMay be performed to mobilize bowel to access the graft-enteric fistula
    35866Reconstruction, iliac artery with graft; patch angioplasty or interposition graft (example)May be used for graft revision or reconstruction when prosthetic graft segments are replaced or bypassed
    77012CT guidance for intraoperative localization (example)Used for image guidance or intraoperative vascular imaging when needed

    Related Modifiers

    11 rows

    ModifierDescriptionWhen to Use
    22Modifier –22 (Increased Procedural Services) is used when a reported procedure is substantially more extensive than normally required. The CPT Manual and CMS state it may be appended only when the…- When to use: Append modifier -22 to a procedural CPT code when the service performed is substantially more extensive than the usual service described by that code — i.e., the procedure required…
    23Modifier -23 (Unusual Anesthesia) is used on anesthesia service CPT codes when a procedure that normally requires no anesthesia or only local anesthesia must be performed under general anesthesia…- Use modifier -23 only on anesthesia CPT codes (00100–01999) when a procedure that normally requires no anesthesia or only local anesthesia must be performed under general anesthesia because of…
    26Modifier 26 (Professional Component) identifies and bills only the professional portion of a split service — the physician’s interpretation, report, and medical judgment — when the technical…- Use CPT Modifier -26 when you are billing only the professional component (PC) of a split‑bill eligible service—i.e., you performed the physician interpretation, medical judgment and prepared a…
    50Modifier –50 (Bilateral Procedure) is appended to a CPT code when an identical procedure is performed on paired anatomical structures during the same operative session. The AMA states to add…- Use modifier -50 when the same CPT surgical, diagnostic, or radiology procedure is performed on paired anatomical structures (both sides of the body) during the same operative/session by the same…
    51Modifier –51 (Multiple Procedures) is used when the same provider performs multiple procedures in the same session to identify secondary, non‑exempt procedures and indicate payment reduction logic…- Use modifier -51 when the same provider performs multiple distinct procedures during the same patient encounter: report the highest‑valued procedure first (no modifier) and append -51 to…
    52Modifier ‑52 (Reduced Services) indicates that a service or procedure was partially reduced or omitted at the provider’s discretion, allowing reporting of the basic procedure number with a qualifier…- Use modifier -52 when a physician or qualified health professional electively reduces or omits part of a procedure or service (for example, performing fewer required views or omitting a portion of…
    53Modifier 53 (Discontinued Procedure) signals that a surgical or diagnostic service was begun by the physician but terminated because of extenuating circumstances that threatened the patient’s…- Use modifier -53 when a physician/qualified healthcare professional has started a surgical or diagnostic procedure (e.g., anesthesia administered, incision or scope insertion) and then discontinues…
    62Modifier 62 indicates that two surgeons function as co‑surgeons, each performing distinct parts of the same primary surgical procedure. It is appended to the primary procedure code (and any…- Use modifier -62 when two surgeons act as co‑surgeons (both primary surgeons) on a single definitive primary procedure, each performing distinct parts of the same surgical procedure (append -62 to…
    66Modifier 66 (Surgical Team) is used when three or more surgeons act as primary surgeons on a single, highly complex procedure. The AMA defines it for use when a surgical team — often composed of…- Use modifier 66 when three or more surgeons act as primary surgeons working collaboratively as a surgical team on a single, highly complex or difficult procedure (for example organ…
    78CPT modifier -78 indicates an unplanned, related return to the operating or procedure room by the same provider during the global postoperative period. It is appended when treatment for a…- Use modifier -78 when an unplanned, related complication during the original procedure’s global postoperative period requires the patient to return to a formal operating or procedure room and the…

    Showing 1–10 of 11

    Related Provider Taxonomies

    8 rows

    Taxonomy Code
    208100000X
    208000000X
    208200000X
    207K00000X
    2084P0800X
    390200000X
    171W00000X
    2085R0204X

    Related ICD-10-CM Codes

    21 rows

    ICD-10-CM CodeDescription
    A41.9Sepsis, unspecified organism
    B96.89Other specified bacterial agents as the cause of diseases classified elsewhere
    I77.1Stricture of artery
    I82.90Acute embolism and thrombosis of unspecified vein
    K57.32Diverticulitis of large intestine without perforation or abscess without bleeding
    K63.1Perforation of intestine (nontraumatic)
    K63.89Other specified diseases of intestine
    K65.0Generalized (acute) peritonitis
    K66.1Hemoperitoneum
    K91.2Postsurgical malabsorption, not elsewhere classified

    Showing 1–10 of 21

    Related Payer Policy Updates

    Specialty: Radiology/Diagnostic Imaging1 / 2

    10 rows

    PolicyPayerEffective Date
    Positron Emission Tomography (PET) - Non-Oncologic Applicationsuniverahealthcare2026-10-15
    Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Oncologic Applicationsuniverahealthcare2026-10-15
    Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Prostateuniverahealthcare2026-10-15
    Diagnostic and Therapeutic Radiology ServicesUnitedHealthcare2026-10-01
    Diagnostic Dynamic Spinal Visualization and Vertebral Motion Analysis (for Nebraska Only)UnitedHealthcare2026-10-01
    Diagnostic Dynamic Spinal Visualization and Vertebral Motion Analysis (for New Mexico Only)UnitedHealthcare2026-10-01
    Diagnostic Dynamic Spinal Visualization and Vertebral Motion AnalysisUnitedHealthcare2026-10-01
    Diagnostic Dynamic Spinal Visualization and Vertebral Motion Analysis (for North Carolina Only)UnitedHealthcare2026-10-01
    Diagnostic Dynamic Spinal Visualization and Vertebral Motion Analysis (for Kentucky Only)UnitedHealthcare2026-10-01
    Diagnostic Dynamic Spinal Visualization and Vertebral Motion Analysis (for Kansas Only)UnitedHealthcare2026-10-01

    Related Codes

    CPT-35700-ARTERIAL-BYPASS-GRAFT-REOPERATION

    CPT 35700: Reoperation on Arterial Bypass Graft

    CPT-35701-NECK-ARTERY-EXPLORATION-SCAR-TISSUE-REMOVAL

    CPT 35701: Exploration and Examination of Neck Artery

    CPT-35702-UPPER-EXTREMITY-VASCULAR-EXPLORATION-NO-REPAIR

    CPT 35702: Exploration of Upper Extremity Arteries

    CPT-35703-LOWER-EXTREMITY-ARTERIAL-EXPLORATION-NO-REPAIR

    CPT 35703: Exploratory Operation on Lower Extremity Arteries, No Repair

    CPT-35800-NECK-WOUND-EXPLORATION-CONTROL-BLEEDING-INFECTION

    CPT 35800: Neck Re-exploration to Control Bleeding or Infection

    CPT-35820-REOPEN-CHEST-TO-CONTROL-BLEEDING-CLOTTING-INFECTION

    CPT 35820: Re-exploration of Chest for Bleeding/Clot/Infection

    CPT-35840-ABDOMINAL-RE-EXPLORATION-FOR-BLEEDING-OR-INFECTION

    CPT 35840: Exploratory Laparotomy for Postoperative Bleeding/Infection

    CPT-35860-EXTREMITY-RE-EXPLORATION-FOR-BLEEDING-CLOTTING-INFECTION

    CPT 35860: Re-exploration of Arm or Leg for Bleeding, Clot, or Infection

    CPT-35875-VASCULAR-GRAFT-THROMBECTOMY-NON-HEMODIALYSIS

    CPT 35875: Thrombectomy of Vascular Graft (non-hemodialysis)

    CPT-35876-CLOTTED-VASCULAR-GRAFT-REVISION-PATCHING

    CPT 35876: Treatment and Revision of Clotted Vascular Graft

    Showing 1–10 of 18

    Frequently Asked Questions

    References

    1. 1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.Maintains the CPT code set's official descriptions and guidelines, licensed from the American Medical Association, used as the definitional source for CPT codes on this page.
    2. 2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's quarterly release of HCPCS Level II codes and short/long descriptors, the source for HCPCS code definitions and update history.
    3. 3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's complete ICD-10-CM diagnosis code list, used to cross-reference diagnosis codes associated with this procedure or service.
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