Neurophysiologic Testing and Monitoring (for Pennsylvania Only)
This policy governs coverage and medical necessity criteria for neurophysiologic and electrodiagnostic testing (e.g., NCS, EMG, QST, VEP, wearable physiologic monitors) for UnitedHealthcare members in Pennsylvania.
Policy Summary
PayerUnitedHealthcare
PolicyNeurophysiologic Testing and Monitoring (for Pennsylvania Only)
Policy CodePolicy CS082PA.T
Change TypeCoding and coverage examples updatedmaterial removals
Effective DateApr 1, 2025
Next Review DateN/A
Key ActionDocument EDX physician supervision and device-specific details when requesting coverage for wearable or sEMG monitoring; include device model, placement, indication, and how results will change management.
Removed list of examples of non-invasive automatic, portable, or automated point of care nerve conduction monitoring systems: NC-stat ® System, Brevio ® NCS-Monitor, and Advance ™ System
Updated list of applicable CPT codes to reflect annual edits; removed 96003
Updated Clinical Evidence and References sections to reflect the most current information
State-specificApplies only to
MultipleProcedure codes referenced
~0.91GTCS/FBTCS detection sensitivity
~2.1/24h
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Nerve conduction studies with or without late responses and neuromuscular junction testing when performed with needle EMG are listed as proven and medically necessary for these indications.
inv-02: NCS without Needle EMG — Covered Situations
Covered when ALL of the following are met:
NCS-only scenarios: Nerve conduction studies without needle EMG may be medically necessary for individuals with any of the above known or suspected disorders when at least one of: the patient is treated with anticoagulants; the patient has lymphedema; or the evaluation is for carpal tunnel syndrome.
Explicitly lists anticoagulation, lymphedema, and carpal tunnel evaluation as indications for NCS without EMG.
inv-03: Unproven and Not Medically Necessary Services
Not medically necessary due to insufficient evidence:
Unproven tests: Nerve conduction studies for indications not listed as proven; Non-invasive automatic/portable/automated point-of-care NCS devices that test only distal motor latencies and conduction velocities without real-time waveforms; Macro-EMG; Surface EMG (SEMG); Surface mechanomyography (sMMG); SEMG-based seizure monitoring systems; Physiologic monitoring of seizure or movement disorder symptoms using wearable devices with accelerometers, electrodermal sensors, or gyroscopes; Quantitative sensory testing modalities (monofilament, pressure-specified, computer-assisted, current perception threshold); Visual evoked potentials for diagnosing/evaluating glaucoma.
These items are listed explicitly as unproven and not medically necessary due to insufficient evidence of efficacy.
inv-04: Medical Necessity Criteria
Covered when clinical assessment and indications align with AANEM recommendations:
EDX Indications: EDX testing (NCS and needle EMG) is appropriate when the clinical scenario matches one or more AANEM-indicated conditions: focal neuropathies/entrapment, traumatic nerve lesions, generalized neuropathies, neuromuscular junction disorders, symptom-based presentations with inconclusive pre-test evaluation, radiculopathy, plexopathy, myopathy, or for precise muscle localization for injections.
See AANEM model policy list of indications.
When to seriously consider EDX for distal symmetric polyneuropathy: When history, physical and standard neuropathy blood tests do not indicate etiology; symptoms/physical findings are moderate to severe; atypical presentation (predominantly motor, proximal deficits, asymmetry); rapid progression; signs suggesting another disorder; unknown duration/severity; family history suggestive of hereditary neuropathy; exposure to neurotoxic substances; discrepancy between signs and symptoms.
From AANEM Electrodiagnosis for Distal Symmetric Polyneuropathy.
Low-yield scenarios: EDX testing is likely low yield when symptoms and findings are mild, symmetric distal predominantly sensory, there is a known cause (e.g., diabetes), or little suspicion of coexisting nerve disorder.
inv-05: Performance/Supervision Requirements
Coverage is contingent on appropriate performance and supervision:
Provider Qualifications and Supervision: Testing must be performed by an EDX physician (neurologist or physiatrist with special training) or by trained individuals under direct supervision; one physician should supervise/perform all components and interpret needle EMG in real time.
AANEM position statements describe qualifications, direct supervision, and real-time interpretation requirements.
inv-06: Limited Evidence / Emerging Technologies
Limited/experimental technologies — coverage stance is cautious due to weak/inconclusive evidence:
Macro-EMG has weak evidence; small studies exist but clinical impact on management is unclear.
Further robust studies needed to demonstrate consistent patient-relevant outcomes.
Point-of-Care NCS: Point-of-care/portable automatic NCS devices show promising preliminary results but evidence is limited to small series; utility may be adjunctive but not a substitute for standard EDX in many scenarios.
Limitations include small sample sizes and potential anatomical constraints (e.g., absent sural nerve).
Wearable seizure/movement monitoring: Wearable devices for seizure detection and movement disorder monitoring show moderate-to-high sensitivity for tonic-clonic seizures and variable utility in Parkinson disease, but studies are heterogeneous, have high false alarm rates, and lack definitive evidence of improved patient outcomes.
Further robust studies needed before broad coverage without specific criteria or device validation.
inv-07: Coverage stance and criteria (summary)
Coverage considerations based on evidence and guideline statements in this section:
Wearable seizure-detection devices for GTCS/FBTCS: Use clinically validated wearable devices for automated detection of GTCS and FBTCS when significant safety concerns exist for unsupervised patients and rapid intervention is needed; ILAE-IFCN gives a weak/conditional recommendation for this use.clinically validated device, presence of safety concern/unsupervised patient
Recommendation supports selective use in safety scenarios.
Wearable/sensor monitoring for Parkinson disease motor symptoms: Sensor-based systems have demonstrated feasibility and variable validity in small studies but lack sufficient large controlled trials showing improved patient outcomes; consider investigational or limited coverage pending validated outcome evidence.device validated in larger controlled studies showing impact on management/outcomes
Examples include NIMBLE patch pilot with modest correlation to clinician scores.
inv-08: Coverage considerations and evidence statements
Summary of evidence-based coverage considerations
sEMG for MV monitoring: sEMG of extra-diaphragmatic muscles can evaluate respiratory muscle loading/unloading and drive, but current evidence has high/unclear risk of bias, small samples, and lacks diagnostic accuracy across broad populations; larger well-designed studies are needed.evidence insufficient
Systematic reviews found methodological heterogeneity and inadequate diagnostic accuracy data.
sEMG for seizure monitoring: Wearable sEMG monitoring over the biceps can detect generalized tonic–clonic seizures with high detection when correctly placed but has substantial false positives and skin adverse events; intended as adjunctive monitoring per device labeling.adjunctive use
Phase III trial reported 100% detection when correctly placed but mean FAR and device-related skin irritation; improvements needed to reduce false positives.
sEMG in neuromuscular disease:
This policy explicitly states that intraoperative neurophysiologic testing is outside the scope of coverage determinations and is not addressed by this document.
Routine use of screening-only equipment or devices that do not provide full signal parameter assessment (for example, automated/portable point-of-care systems that only report distal motor latencies and conduction velocities without real-time waveforms) is not supported by current evidence and is considered unacceptable for standard electrodiagnostic evaluation.
Point-of-care/portable nerve conduction devices have shown promising preliminary results in small series, but the literature is limited and these technologies are regulated under FDA product code JXE; examples of such devices were previously listed in this policy but have been removed from the example list in the current revision.
Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST) can document sensory abnormalities in some contexts, but professional guidance cautions that QST results should not be used as the sole method for diagnosing pathology. QST is method-dependent, requires patient cooperation, and different instruments have variable specifications and reproducibility.
Surface mechanomyography (sMMG) systems with concurrent IMU sensors for musculoskeletal assessment have few published studies; available evidence is insufficient to conclude that sMMG provides a beneficial effect on health outcomes, and these systems are therefore excluded from established coverage.
A prior version of this policy listed specific examples of non-invasive automatic/portable/automated point-of-care nerve conduction devices (for example, the NC-stat® System, Brevio® NCS-Monitor, and Advance™ System). Those example device names were removed from the policy examples in the latest revision.
Nerve conduction studies performed for indications not identified as proven in this policy, and the use of automated or simplified point-of-care NCS technologies that do not provide standard, real-time waveform assessment (e.g., systems that test only distal motor latencies/velocities), are designated unproven and not medically necessary because evidence is limited and inconclusive.
Use of experimental electroneurometers or other nonstandard devices as substitutes for comprehensive electrodiagnostic studies (NCS with needle EMG performed and interpreted per guideline recommendations) is considered experimental or not medically necessary. The AANEM emphasizes that NCS and needle EMG should generally be performed together with real-time interpretation by the supervising physician, and substitutes that omit components or real-time waveform review are not acceptable replacements.
Routine clinical use of many wearable sensor systems, use of QST for outcome prediction, and sEMG-based monitoring lack consistent, high-quality evidence of patient benefit. Available systematic reviews and heterogeneous small studies report variable accuracy and high false alarm rates for some devices, so these technologies are considered investigational or of limited clinical utility pending stronger outcome data.
Surface EMG (sEMG) should not be used as a standalone, definitive monitoring tool for mechanical ventilation (MV) liberation
Quantitative sensory testing (QST), testing and interpretation per extremity; using touch pressure stimuli to assess large diameter sensation.
0107T
Quantitative sensory testing (QST), testing and interpretation per extremity; using vibration stimuli to assess large diameter fiber sensation.
0108T
Quantitative sensory testing (QST), testing and interpretation per extremity; using cooling stimuli to assess small nerve fiber sensation and hyperalgesia.
0109T
Quantitative sensory testing (QST), testing and interpretation per extremity; using heat-pain stimuli to assess small nerve fiber sensation and hyperalgesia.
0110T
Quantitative sensory testing (QST), testing and interpretation per extremity; using other stimuli to assess sensation.
0464T
Visual evoked potential, testing for glaucoma, with interpretation and report.
0778T
Surface mechanomyography (sMMG) with concurrent application of inertial measurement unit (IMU) sensors for measurement of multi-joint range of motion, posture, gait, and muscle function.
95860
Needle electromyography; 1 extremity with or without related paraspinal areas.
95861
Needle electromyography; 2 extremities with or without related paraspinal areas.
95863
Needle electromyography; 3 extremities with or without related paraspinal areas.
1–10 of 17
1/2
Additional Applicable CPT Codes and DescriptionsCPT
95872
Needle electromyography using single fiber electrode, with quantitative measurement of jitter, blocking and/or fiber density, any/all sites of each muscle studied.
95873
Electrical stimulation for guidance in conjunction with chemodenervation (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure).
95874
Needle electromyography for guidance in conjunction with chemodenervation (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure).
95885
Needle electromyography, each extremity, with related paraspinal areas, when performed, done with nerve conduction, amplitude and latency/velocity study; limited (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure).
95886
Needle electromyography, each extremity, with related paraspinal areas, when performed, done with nerve conduction, amplitude and latency/velocity study; complete, five or more muscles studied, innervated by three or more nerves or four or more spinal levels (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure).
95887
Needle electromyography, non-extremity (cranial nerve supplied or axial) muscle(s) done with nerve conduction, amplitude and latency/velocity study (List separately in addition to code for primary procedure).
95905
Motor and/or sensory nerve conduction, using preconfigured electrode array(s), amplitude and latency/velocity study, each limb, includes F-wave study when performed, with interpretation and report.
95907
Nerve conduction studies; 1-2 studies.
95908
Nerve conduction studies; 3-4 studies.
95909
Nerve conduction studies; 5-6 studies.
1–10 of 18
1/2
Applicable HCPCS/G-codes/OtherHCPCS
A9279
Monitoring feature/device, stand-alone or integrated, any type, includes all accessories, components and electronics, not otherwise classified.
A9280
Alert or alarm device, not otherwise classified.
G0255
Current perception threshold/sensory nerve conduction test (SNCT), per limb, any nerve.
S3900
Surface electromyography (EMG).
FDA product codes and device classifications mentionedmixed
EEG recording device product code (used to record visual signals)
PKG device wear duration
PKG system wear durationWorn continuously for 6 to 10 days to provide objective ambulatory assessment of Parkinson disease motor symptoms
Purpose of wear periodProvides continuous measurement of tremor, bradykinesia, and dyskinesia across daily activities and sleep
Device examplePersonal KinetiGraph (PKG) by Global Kinetics Corporation is cited as the wrist-worn system using a 6–10 day wear
False alarm rate
Overall mean false alarm rate (FAR)Mean FAR up to 2.52 per 24 hours (all placements)
Provider Requirements, Documentation, and Authorization
Prior Authorization
Prior Authorization — supervision documentation
Prior Authorization — Supervision Documentation: When prior authorization is required for electrodiagnostic (EDX) testing or for devices (e.g., adjunctive sEMG seizure monitors), documentation must demonstrate that testing and data collection were performed under the supervision of a qualified EDX physician. Acceptable documentation includes the EDX physician's name, specialty (neurology or physical medicine & rehabilitation), description of relevant training/certification (e.g., residency/fellowship, ABEM or equivalent), statement that the physician developed the differential diagnosis and selected the tests, and confirmation that the physician supervised the testing (direct or immediate availability as clinically appropriate).
If tests were delegated to a technologist or trainee, include documentation of the technologist's training and that the physician was immediately available and reviewed results per AANEM guidance.
For NCS and SEP testing, note whether the physician was present in the room or immediately available, and document that the patient remained available until the supervising physician reviewed results (when applicable).
Neurophysiologic testing (including NCS, needle EMG, late responses, repetitive stimulation, QST, VEPs, and wearable physiologic monitors) assesses peripheral nerve and muscle function and complements the clinical history and physical examination for subtle motor or sensory deficits. Proper electrodiagnostic (EDX) evaluation commonly integrates both NCS and needle EMG, and late response testing (F-wave, H-reflex) can be complementary or occasionally the only demonstrable abnormality.
Definitions and Device Descriptions
Late responses (F-wave, H-reflex)
DefinitionEvoked late responses (F-wave and H-reflex) performed during the same evaluation as nerve conduction studies (NCS)
F-wave descriptionA late response evoked by maximal stimulation during a motor nerve conduction study
H-reflex descriptionThe electrophysiological component of the ankle reflex obtained from the calf after posterior tibial nerve stimulation; may be recorded at other sites (eg, quadriceps, flexor carpi radialis)
Surface EMG (SEMG)
DefinitionSurface EMG (SEMG) records muscle electrical activity using electrodes placed on the skin to measure underlying muscle responses
Includes paraspinal EMG
Policy Summary
PayerUnitedHealthcare
PolicyNeurophysiologic Testing and Monitoring (for Pennsylvania Only)
Policy CodePolicy CS082PA.T
Change TypeCoding and coverage examples updatedmaterial removals
Effective DateApr 1, 2025
Next Review DateN/A
Key ActionDocument EDX physician supervision and device-specific details when requesting coverage for wearable or sEMG monitoring; include device model, placement, indication, and how results will change management.
QST can document sensory abnormalities (Level B evidence for some diabetic neuropathy measures) but overall evidence is weak for broader clinical utility; QST results should not be used as the sole diagnostic method.
use for documentation and research; not sole diagnostic method
AAN and AANEM note methodological variability and need for reproducible instruments and protocols.
Surface EMG (sEMG) monitoring: Current evidence for sEMG (including extra-diaphragmatic respiratory monitoring and seizure-related sEMG) is weak and heterogeneous; diagnostic accuracy and standardized methodology are lacking, so use is investigational or limited pending further high-quality studies.standardized methodology and validated diagnostic accuracy shown
Systematic reviews report small samples and methodological variability.
sEMG analytic methods (eg, MUNIX) show potential but clinical calibration in large cohorts is lacking and utility for distinguishing specific neuromuscular diagnoses is not established per AANEM.
research/adjunctive
Systematic reviews identify varied analytical techniques and need for multidisciplinary development and validation.
sMMG and IMU systems: Limited published studies exist for surface mechanomyography with IMU sensors; insufficient evidence to conclude beneficial effect on health outcomes.insufficient evidence
Few studies prevent conclusions on effectiveness.
Visual Evoked Potentials (icVEP) for glaucoma: icVEP shows promise in small cross-sectional studies but evidence is limited by small sample sizes and study design; further larger studies are needed before routine use for glaucoma diagnosis.adjunct/complementary
Existing studies report variable sensitivity/specificity and are underpowered.
FAR when device correctly placed over midline bicepsMean FAR 1.44 per 24 hours (device correctly placed over midline biceps)
Positive predictive value and placement impactPPV improved when device correctly placed (PPV 6.2% for correctly placed data vs PPV 0.03 overall) illustrating placement-dependent FAR and PPV
Adjunctive sEMG Seizure Monitoring — Prior Authorization Documentation: For requests to cover adjunctive FDA de‑novo sEMG seizure monitors (for example, arm‑worn systems indicated for detection of GTCS/FBTCS), include: device trade name and model, FDA clearance/denovo status, indication being treated, targeted seizure type(s) (e.g., generalized tonic‑clonic seizures), clinical rationale for adjunctive use (safety risk that alarms could enable rapid intervention, history of GTCS/FBTCS), documentation of prior evaluation and conventional management, and plan for device placement and monitoring (e.g., biceps placement, alarm response plan).
Provide clinical notes demonstrating seizure type and frequency, rationale why adjunctive monitoring is needed (safety concerns, unsupervised sleeping arrangements), and prior authorization may be guided by the member's specific benefit plan terms.
Include documentation of training for staff who will review stored sEMG data and act on alarms.
Denial Risk
Denial risk for unproven services
Denial Risk for Unproven Services: Services and tests identified in this policy as unproven or not medically necessary (for example, nerve conduction studies for indications not supported by the policy, non‑invasive automated point‑of‑care nerve conduction screening devices that only assess distal latencies/conduction velocities, or other procedures listed as investigational) are at risk for denial if clinical documentation does not meet coverage criteria. Providers should confirm medical necessity and supply supporting clinical information.
When submitting requests, include supporting history, exam findings, and prior diagnostic workup that justify deviating from standard practice; otherwise claims may be denied.
Refer to the Applicable Codes list for coding guidance; listing does not guarantee coverage and plan terms govern.
Denial Risk
sEMG for MV monitoring — evidence limitations
sEMG for Mechanical Ventilation (MV) Monitoring — Evidence Limitations: The current evidence for using extra‑diaphragmatic sEMG to monitor respiratory drive or guide mechanical ventilation management is limited and of unclear diagnostic accuracy and generalizability. Small studies, risk of bias, and lack of standardized diagnostic‑performance methods mean sEMG for MV monitoring is investigational in many contexts.
When sEMG for MV monitoring is requested, include high‑quality supporting data for the specific clinical indication; absence of such evidence may result in noncoverage.
Document how sEMG results would change management compared with standard monitoring (e.g., RSBI, MIP) if used.
Documentation Required
Required Clinical Documentation
Required Clinical Documentation: For electrodiagnostic testing and related device coverage requests, submit sufficient clinical documentation that supports medical necessity and the specific tests or devices requested. Documentation should allow review of why testing is indicated and how results will affect care.
History and focused physical examination supporting the differential diagnosis that prompted EDX testing.
Specific tests ordered and the clinical question each test is intended to answer.
Prior diagnostic testing and treatments tried, and why additional testing/device is needed.
For delegated testing, documentation that the supervising EDX physician developed the differential diagnosis, selected tests, and reviewed/interpreted the results in real time or per AANEM guidance.
Documentation Required
Documentation should include device type, targeted symptom/seizure type, and validation status
Documentation Should Include Device Type and Performance Characteristics: When a device is part of the request (wearable seizure detectors, sEMG systems, automated sensors), include device name/model, intended placement (e.g., biceps for sEMG seizure monitors), FDA clearance/denovo status, published validation/performance data (sensitivity, specificity, PPV, false alarm rate), and expected clinical workflow for alarm response and data review.
For sEMG seizure monitors, document placement over the biceps and whether validation data support the device for the targeted seizure type (GTCS/FBTCS).
Provide evidence of device tolerability and adverse event profile (e.g., skin irritation) when available.
Prior Authorization
Prior authorization guided by benefit plan — check applicable benefit terms
Check Applicable Benefit Terms: Coverage and prior authorization requirements are governed by the member's specific benefit plan and applicable federal or state rules. This policy provides clinical guidance but does not override contractual, state, or federal benefit terms. In case of conflict, plan or regulatory requirements prevail.
Before submission, verify the member's benefit plan for prior authorization requirements and any state‑specific mandates (this policy applies to Pennsylvania and references PA exceptions where indicated).
UnitedHealthcare may use third‑party criteria (e.g., InterQual) in addition to this policy to determine coverage.
Note
Preference for validated instruments and methodologies; prefer established electrodiagnostic testing first
Preference for Validated Instruments and Prefer Established Electrodiagnostic Testing First: When validated, reproducible instruments and methodologies exist (per AAN/AANEM guidance), prefer those validated tools and standard electrodiagnostic testing. Conventional needle EMG and nerve conduction studies performed and interpreted in real time by a qualified EDX physician remain the preferred first‑line diagnostic approach for most neuromuscular evaluations.
If commercially available QST or sEMG instruments have demonstrated reproducibility and clinical validation for the intended use, document those validation data.
Reserve investigational or limited‑use wearable sensors, QST, or adjunctive sEMG monitoring for situations where conventional testing is insufficient and supported by clinical rationale and evidence.
Paraspinal EMG is a type of SEMG used to evaluate back pain and paraspinal muscle activity
Distinct from needle EMGSEMG is noninvasive and differs from needle EMG which requires intramuscular needle insertion
Direct supervision / Real time
Direct supervision meaningPhysician is in close physical proximity to the electrodiagnostic laboratory and immediately available to assist and direct testing
'Real time' implicationHistory, tailored EDX testing, and waveform analysis are integrated and performed while the patient is present in the laboratory
Supervision expectationsEDX testing should be performed by a trained physician or by trained personnel under direct supervision with one physician supervising and performing components as recommended by AANEM
GTCS/FBTCS detection
DefinitionAutomated detection of generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) and focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures (FBTCS) by clinically validated wearable devices
Recommended useILAE-IFCN conditionally recommends validated wearable detection for GTCS/FBTCS when significant safety concerns exist for unsupervised patients
Device example and labelingFDA de novo SPEAC System (Brain Sentinel) is indicated as an adjunctive monitor worn over the biceps for GTCS detection during periods of rest
Device classificationQST instruments are FDA-classified under product codes such as GXB, LLN, LQW, and GWI (esthesiometers, vibration threshold, temperature discrimination, 2-point discrimination)
Evidence summaryOverall evidence for broad clinical utility is weak; QST may predict some pain/disability outcomes but requires further validation
Surface EMG (sEMG)
DefinitionSurface EMG (sEMG) is a noninvasive method to record muscle electrical activity for monitoring respiratory or seizure-related muscle activity
Evidence limitationsCurrent evidence for many clinical applications of sEMG is weak, heterogeneous, and insufficient to establish diagnostic utility for many neuromuscular conditions (AANEM level U/C assessments)
Clinical roles notedsEMG may be used adjunctively (eg, seizure detection, respiratory monitoring) but standardized methodology and larger validation studies are lacking
SPEAC System (Brain Sentinel)
Device identitySPEAC System (Brain Sentinel) — FDA de novo–classified wearable sEMG seizure monitoring and alerting system
Intended useIntended as an adjunctive monitor for generalized tonic–clonic seizures when worn over the biceps during periods of rest
Data recording and reviewRecords and stores sEMG data for subsequent review by a trained healthcare professional as described in device labeling
sEMG clinical utility (AANEM)
AANEM conclusionAANEM rates available data as insufficient (level U) to determine sEMG utility for distinguishing many neuromuscular conditions
Limited effectivenessBased on limited class II/III studies, sEMG may possibly detect presence of neuromuscular disease (level C) but evidence is not robust for diagnostic specificity
Guidance implicationRoutine clinical diagnostic reliance on sEMG without corroborating standard electrodiagnostic testing is not supported by current AANEM guidance
QST
QST methods/devicesIncludes esthesiometers, vibration threshold devices, temperature discrimination testers, and other neurosensory testing systems (eg, Medi-Dx 7000, Neurometer, NK PSSD)
Intended measurementDesigned to quantify sensory thresholds (vibration, thermal, mechanical) and detect peripheral sensory dysfunction
Regulatory contextNumerous 510(k) clearances exist for QST-related product codes (GXB, LLN, LQW, GWI), but not all clearances are for nerve threshold testing
Point-of-care NCS
DefinitionPoint-of-care NCS are automated/simplified nerve conduction testing systems regulated under FDA product code JXE
ExamplesExamples historically include NC-stat System, Brevio NCS-Monitor, and Advance System (policy notes these examples previously listed)
Evidence stanceEvidence for point-of-care devices is limited and they may not produce real-time waveforms required by standard EDX practice
Wearable physiologic monitors
DefinitionWearable physiologic monitors are FDA-cleared/wearable systems that record motion, tremor, or physiologic signals to assist monitoring of movement disorders or detect seizures
Device examplesExamples include PKG (Personal KinetiGraph), Kinesia, Embrace, Tremorometer, which are intended for ambulatory monitoring of PD symptoms or adjunctive seizure detection
Typical applicationsUsed for objective ambulatory assessment of tremor, bradykinesia, dyskinesia, or to detect patterns associated with generalized tonic-clonic seizures (often as adjunctive monitors)