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Orthognathic Surgery
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Clinical policy governing medical necessity, investigational determinations, and coding related to orthognathic (maxillary and/or mandibular) surgery for Premera Bluecross members.
Noonan syndrome added and Pierre Robin syndrome revised to Pierre Robin sequence in the list of congenital anomalies that are medically necessary for orthognathic surgery.
Virtual Surgical Planning (VSP) is designated investigational.
Endoscopically assisted nasomaxillary expansion as a treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is considered investigational.
Added Noonan syndrome and revised Pierre Robin syndrome to Pierre Robin sequence per AAOMS 2025 guidance.
Added specific VSP-related CDT and CPT codes and removed a list of earlier CDT codes.
Added Noonan syndrome and revised Pierre Robin syndrome to Pierre Robin sequence to list of congenital anomalies that are medically necessary for orthognathic surgery.
Added policy statement that Virtual Surgery Planning (VSP) is investigational.
Added virtual surgical planning (VSP) codes CDT D0393, and CPT 76376, 76377.
Removed multiple CDT codes including D5954, D5955, D5958, D5959, D7283, D7881, D8010, D8020, D8030, D8040, D8070, D8080, D8090, D8210, D8220, D8660, D8670, D8680, D8681, D8999.
Added medical necessity criteria for significant transverse maxillary arch deficiency.
Policy statement added that endoscopically assisted nasomaxillary expansion as a treatment for OSA is considered investigational.
Changed wording from 'patient' to 'individual' throughout the policy for standardization.
Coverage and Medical Necessity Criteria
Medically Necessary Criteria
Covered when ALL of the following AAOMS-related measurement and dysfunction conditions are met and non-surgical/orthodontic treatments are attempted and documented:
Primary coverage criteria
- Associated functional impairments (at least one required): One or more of the following: impaired masticatory or incisive function; chewing-induced trauma to oral soft tissues; impaired swallowing or choking on incompletely chewed solids; abnormal tongue thrust; documented airway defect or obstructive sleep apnea (OSA); documented temporomandibular joint (TMJ) pathology; congenital craniofacial anomalies (e.g., hemifacial microsomia, Treacher Collins, Noonan syndrome, Pierre Robin sequence)Clinical documentation required
When AAOMS recommends non-surgical therapy (e.g., PAP for OSA, non-surgical TMJ therapies), these must be attempted and documented prior to surgery when feasible
For airway-related deformities, a qualified sleep specialist should document that non-surgical options were tried or are not appropriate
Policy updates and stated coverage stances
Documented policy updates, investigational determinations, and criteria changes (history entries):
Added per AAOMS 2025 guidance
Operationally added to align with AAOMS 2025
Associated VSP codes (CDT D0393; CPT 76376, 76377) were added to the coding section but VSP is listed investigational
Added based on limited/insufficient evidence
Endoscopically assisted nasomaxillary expansion for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and Virtual Surgical Planning (VSP) are designated investigational by this policy and are not considered medically necessary based on the current evidence and policy updates. The policy history documents the investigational determinations and coding changes related to these services effective with the latest review cycle.
Endoscopically assisted nasomaxillary expansion when performed as a treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is explicitly designated investigational in this policy.
The rationale for classifying endoscopically assisted maxillary expansion as investigational for OSA is that available evidence is limited to uncontrolled, retrospective data with short follow-up. A cited series of 100 subjects reported a short-term (four‑week) radiographic separation of the midpalatal suture in most patients and improved airflow dynamics, but the study had no control group, did not report pre/post objective OSA outcomes, and provided no long‑term durability data. Given these limitations, there is insufficient peer‑reviewed evidence to establish the procedure’s safety and efficacy as an OSA treatment.
Virtual Surgical Planning (VSP), including the processes and associated codes recently added to the coding section, is designated investigational by this policy and therefore is not considered medically necessary under the coverage criteria.
Coding: Added and Removed Codes
| D0393 | CDT - Virtual surgical planning (added) |
| 76376 | CPT - 3D rendering with interpretation and reporting of computed tomography, MRI, ultrasound, or other tomographic modality, completed post-processing for surgical planning (added) |
| 76377 | CPT - 3D interactive communication post-processing for surgical planning (added) |
| D5954 | CDT - (removed from policy code list) |
| D5955 | CDT - (removed from policy code list) |
| D5958 | CDT - (removed from policy code list) |
| D5959 | CDT - (removed from policy code list) |
| D7283 | CDT - (removed from policy code list) |
| D7881 | CDT - (removed from policy code list) |
| D8010 | CDT - (removed from policy code list) |
| D8020 | CDT - (removed from policy code list) |
| D8030 | CDT - (removed from policy code list) |
| D8040 | CDT - (removed from policy code list) |
| D5954 | Removed CDT code |
| D5955 | Removed CDT code |
| D5958 | Removed CDT code |
| D5959 | Removed CDT code |
| D7283 | Removed CDT code |
| D7881 | Removed CDT code |
| D8010 | Removed CDT code |
| D8020 | Removed CDT code |
| D8030 | Removed CDT code |
| D8040 | Removed CDT code |
Provider Requirements, Prior Authorization, and Billing Notes
Prior Authorization Required
Prior authorization is required for orthognathic surgery services. Verify and obtain any required prior authorization for surgical procedures and for Virtual Surgical Planning (VSP)–related codes before scheduling. Failure to obtain prior authorization when required may result in denial of payment.
Verify Member Benefits and Coverage Limits
Confirm member benefit limitations and coverage specifics prior to treatment. Coverage is subject to the member's benefit plan and contract terms; consult the member benefit booklet or contact customer service for plan-specific limits, exclusions, and preauthorization processes.
- Coverage subject to member benefit plan limits and contract terms.
- Contact member services or review benefit booklet for plan-specific coverage and limits.
Clinical Measurement and Documentation Requirements
Document objective clinical measurements that demonstrate the facial skeletal deformity and functional impairment. Measurements should be clear and measurable and may include overjet, molar discrepancy, vertical measurements, and standardized deviations from norms.
- Document facial skeletal deformities with objective measurements (for example: overjet ≥ 5 mm, molar discrepancy ≥ 4 mm, or vertical deformity ≥ 2 standard deviations from published norms).
- Record evidence of impaired masticatory or incisive function, chewing-induced trauma, impaired swallowing/choking on incompletely chewed solid foods, or abnormal tongue thrust when present.
- Include documentation that an orthodontic specialist has evaluated the condition and that orthodontics alone is not recommended or was tried and found inadequate.
Non‑Surgical Therapy Trial Required Prior to Surgery
For indications related to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) or temporomandibular joint (TMJ)–related symptoms, document trials of appropriate non‑surgical therapies and their outcomes prior to surgery. Include objective test results and specialist evaluations as applicable.
- For OSA-related indications: include sleep study results (e.g., AHI) and documentation of a trial of positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy, participation in PAP compliance program, and evidence that other surgical options are not recommended or were tried and inadequate.
- For TMJ or severe malocclusion: document conservative dental and orthodontic therapies attempted and their duration/outcomes, and specialist recommendations that surgery is indicated.
Background and Clinical Context
Facial skeletal abnormalities — including Class II and Class III malocclusion, facial asymmetry, and open‑bite deformities — are correlated with malocclusion and a range of functional impairments. These impairments can include diminished bite force, restricted mandibular excursions, and abnormal chewing patterns, and may contribute to difficulties with chewing, breathing, and swallowing when conservative dental or orthodontic management is inadequate. Orthognathic surgery can correct deformities that contribute to these dysfunctions when non‑surgical therapies fail.
Definitions and Terminology
Policy Update History
Added Noonan syndrome and revised 'Pierre Robin syndrome' to 'Pierre Robin sequence' to the list of congenital anomalies considered medically necessary for orthognathic surgery per AAOMS 2025 guidance.
Added Virtual Surgical Planning (VSP) codes CDT D0393 and CPT 76376, 76377 to the policy coding section.
Added policy statement designating Virtual Surgical Planning (VSP) as investigational.
Added policy statement that endoscopically assisted nasomaxillary expansion as a treatment for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is considered investigational.
Removed multiple CDT codes (including D5954, D5955, D5958, D5959, D7283, D7881, D8010, D8020, D8030, D8040, D8070, D8080, D8090, D8210, D8220, D8660, D8670, D8680, D8681, D8999) from the policy coding section.
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