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CurrentAetnaPolicy 0514

Meniere's Disease and Related Disorders: Surgery

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Defines Aetna's medical necessity and investigational determinations for surgical interventions for chronic refractory Meniere's disease and related disorders, and lists applicable procedure and diagnosis codes; applies to Aetna members.

Policy Summary

PayerAetna

PolicyMeniere's Disease and Related Disorders: Surgery

Policy CodePolicy 0514

Change TypeNo material changes

Effective DateAug 3, 2001

Last ReviewJul 12, 2023

Next Review DateMay 23, 2024

Key ActionObtain prior authorization demonstrating that selection criteria (disabling vertigo, ≥2 years symptoms, failed conservative management, and laterality/hearing status when applicable) are met before scheduling surgical interventions.

SourceLink

POLICY UPDATE CHANGES

No material clinical or coverage changes in this revision.

10+Studies summarized

81%Endolymphatic sac vertigo control

84.6%Gentamicin complete control

57%Spontaneous resolution (2 yr)

2+ yrsMinimum symptom duration for surgery

Coverage and Medical Necessity Criteria

Medically necessary surgical interventions for chronic refractory Meniere's disease

Aetna considers any of the following surgical interventions medically necessary for treatment of chronic refractory Meniere's disease (selection criteria referenced in the Appendix):

Non-destructive procedures: Endolymphatic mastoid shunt; Endolymphatic sac decompression/endolymphatic sac drainage; Intra-tympanic corticosteroid injections/perfusions; Lateral semi-circular canal plugging; Perilymphatic fistula patching; Sacculotomy; Tympanostomy tube insertion; Vestibular nerve decompression; Vestibular neurectomy (nerve section) or neurotomy (including middle fossa or retrosigmoid approaches)

Destructive procedures: Cochleosacculotomy; Intra-tympanic gentamicin; Labyrinthectomy; Translabyrinthine vestibular neurectomy; Vestibulocochlear neurectomy

Ablative treatments are relatively contraindicated for bilateral Meniere's disease due to risk of bilateral vestibular and cochlear hypofunction.

Surgical treatment for superior semicircular canal dehiscence

Covered when diagnosis is confirmed by audiometry and computed tomography (CT):

Policy Summary

PayerAetna

PolicyMeniere's Disease and Related Disorders: Surgery

Policy CodePolicy 0514

Change TypeNo material changes

Effective DateAug 3, 2001

Last ReviewJul 12, 2023

Next Review DateMay 23, 2024

SourceLink

On This Page

Procedures: Middle fossa craniotomy; Trans-mastoid canal pluggingDiagnosis must be confirmed by audiometry and CT

Pre- and post-operative VEMP and audiometry are used to confirm affected ear and assess outcomes.

Intra-tympanic / trans-tympanic dexamethasone injection

Covered indication:

Sudden sensorineural hearing loss: Intra-tympanic/trans-tympanic dexamethasone injection is covered for sudden sensorineural hearing loss if the member failed conservative treatments including oral steroids or has a medical contraindication to oral steroids.Failure of conservative treatments or contraindication to oral steroids

Salvage intratympanic glucocorticoid therapy is suggested for inadequate response to initial treatment within 6–8 weeks.

Procedures considered experimental and investigational

Aetna considers the following procedures investigational for chronic refractory Meniere's disease because effectiveness has not been established:

Investigational procedures: Cochleostomy with neurovascular transplant; Intra-tympanic injection of dexamethasone thermo-sensitive gel; Positive pressure therapy for improving outcomes of endolymphatic sac surgery; Simultaneous labyrinthectomy with cochlear implantation (for bilateral Meniere's disease); Tenotomy of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles; Triple semi-circular canal plugging.

These procedures are considered investigational and not covered because effectiveness has not been established.

Procedures lacking evidence

Not supported procedures based on cited determinations:

Cochleostomy with neurovascular transplant: No scientific evidence supporting safety and effectiveness for Meniere's disease; Medicare National Coverage Determination does not cover cochleostomy with neurovascular transplant for Meniere's disease.

UpToDate reviews do not mention cochleostomy as a therapeutic option.

Intratympanic therapies (gentamicin vs glucocorticoids)

Evidence-based comparative findings for intratympanic injections:

Efficacy: Randomized trials and meta-analyses indicate both intra-tympanic gentamicin and intra-tympanic glucocorticoids are more effective than placebo for vertigo control; no consistent superiority of one agent over the other in vertigo control across trials.

Meta-analysis pooled multiple RCTs; see systematic review and RCTs cited.

Hearing preservation: Intratympanic glucocorticoids demonstrate better hearing preservation compared with gentamicin (mean PTA difference approximately -6.48 dB and improved speech discrimination in pooled analyses).

Meta-analysis results reported improved PTA and SDS with glucocorticoids versus gentamicin.

Clinical trial results: A double-blind randomized trial showed both methylprednisolone and gentamicin markedly reduced vertigo frequency at 18–24 months; choice of agent may be guided by goal of hearing preservation versus vestibular ablation.

Randomized comparative trial of 60 patients with 2-year follow-up.

Endolymphatic sac procedures

Outcomes reported for endolymphatic sac drainage with or without intra-sac steroids:

Vertigo control: Cohort studies report substantial vertigo control after endolymphatic sac drainage; reported complete control rates and combined complete/fundamental control rates range from about 50% complete control to 88% complete control in steroid-instillation groups in early years.

Study sizes and follow-up durations vary across reports.

Hearing outcomes are mixed: some cohorts report improvement in a subset of patients while others report declines; long-term hearing benefit with intra-sac steroid instillation was reported up to 12 years but diminished by year 13.

Longitudinal cohort data cited (Kitahara et al, Yu et al).

Tenotomy of middle ear muscles (TSTM)

Evidence for tenotomy of middle ear muscles (TSTM):

Efficacy in cohorts: Interventional cohort and comparative retrospective studies report substantial and durable vertigo reduction after TSTM, with one series reporting complete absence of attacks in 26/30 patients and a retrospective comparison favoring TSTM for functional outcomes and hearing preservation versus endolymphatic mastoid shunt.

Studies are small and preliminary; larger randomized trials are needed.

Guideline mention: UpToDate reviews do not list tenotomy of the middle ear muscles as a therapeutic option, indicating limited acceptance or evidence base.

UpToDate citation included (Moskowitz and Dinces).

Destructive procedures and cochlear implantation

Destructive procedures and cochlear implantation — outcomes and considerations:

Vertigo control vs hearing impact: Destructive procedures such as labyrinthectomy reliably control vertigo but result in total hearing loss on the operated side; semi-circular canal plugging (TSCP/SCP) series report high vertigo control with lower rates of hearing loss compared with labyrinthectomy in nonrandomized studies.

Comparative retrospective studies report high vertigo control and differing hearing preservation between procedures.

Combined cochlear implantation and labyrinthectomy: In rare cases, simultaneous labyrinthectomy with cochlear implantation has been reported to control attacks and provide hearing rehabilitation in selected patients with limited options; evidence is limited to small case series and requires validation.

Reports describe small series with preliminary positive outcomes but limited data.

Evidence summaries

Summaries of clinical evidence for procedures and intratympanic therapies:

Triple semicircular canal plugging (TSCP): Retrospective series report high vertigo control rates (e.g., 98.7% at 2 years in Zhang et al 2016; 96.7% in Li et al 2023) with variable hearing preservation (reported hearing preservation ~70.9% in Zhang; hearing loss 23.3% in Li et al); findings are preliminary and require validation.

Level of evidence for comparative retrospective work cited as III in Li et al.

Superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD) repair: Systematic reviews and case series report high overall success (~94% in meta-analysis) for surgical repair of SSCD; both middle fossa and trans-mastoid approaches are effective with no statistically significant difference in success or complication rates across modalities.

VEMP and audiometry are useful diagnostic and outcome measures.

Positive pressure therapy combined with sac surgery: Evidence is limited to case reports and is insufficient to support routine use; UpToDate and systematic reviews note low or very uncertain evidence and do not recommend routine adoption.

Single-case report cited; broader reviews do not support use.

Intratympanic dexamethasone for ISSNHL: Systematic reviews and observational studies suggest intratympanic glucocorticoid may be equivalent to systemic steroids as initial therapy and may be used as salvage therapy when systemic steroids are contraindicated or ineffective; timing within weeks affects outcomes.

UpToDate recommends salvage IT glucocorticoid within 6–8 weeks for inadequate initial response.

Intratympanic gentamicin for Meniere's disease: Cochrane review identified 5 RCTs (137 participants) comparing gentamicin to placebo/no treatment; due to small sample sizes and trial limitations the evidence was judged very low-certainty though trials showed vertigo improvement in treated participants in small studies.

Certainty rated very low; follow-up and trial conduct limitations noted.

Selection Criteria for Surgery for Meniere's Disease

Surgical intervention may be considered when ALL of the following are met:

Primary surgical eligibility: Member has disabling vertigo; Member has exhibited symptoms (hearing loss, tinnitus, vertigo) for at least 2 years; Member has failed conservative management, including dietary restrictions (avoidance of caffeine, alcohol and nicotine; low sodium), and medical therapy (anti-emetic, diuretic, and vestibular suppressants); Member has unilateral Meniere's disease and hearing loss is severe to profound in the involved ear (for labyrinthectomy only).

Documentation must support chronic refractory Meniere's disease and, where applicable, confirm diagnosis for related disorders.

The National Coverage Determination (NCD) for “Cochleostomy with Neurovascular Transplant for Meniere's Disease” states there is no scientific evidence supporting the safety and effectiveness of cochleostomy with neurovascular transplant for treatment of Meniere's disease; accordingly, Medicare does not cover this procedure.

Restating the Medicare exclusion: cochleostomy with neurovascular transplant for Meniere's disease is specifically excluded by the NCD because evidence does not demonstrate safety or effectiveness, and thus this procedure is not supported for coverage.

Triple semicircular canal plugging (TSCP) has been reported in retrospective series with high vertigo control rates, but the procedure is not mentioned as a therapeutic option in an UpToDate review (Moskowitz and Dinces, 2017), indicating limited recognition in that clinical reference and that the findings remain preliminary.

Labyrinthectomy is a destructive procedure reserved for patients with unilateral disease and is applicable only when hearing in the involved ear is severe to profound; it is relatively contraindicated for bilateral Meniere's disease because ablative treatments risk bilateral vestibular and cochlear hypofunction.

Aetna considers the following procedures investigational and therefore not medically necessary for chronic refractory Meniere's disease because effectiveness has not been established: cochleostomy with neurovascular transplant; intra-tympanic dexamethasone thermos-sensitive gel; positive pressure therapy to improve endolymphatic sac surgery outcomes; simultaneous labyrinthectomy with cochlear implantation (for bilateral disease); tenotomy of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles; and triple semi-circular canal plugging.

Procedures that lack supporting scientific evidence (for example, cochleostomy with neurovascular transplant) are not supported by Medicare and would be considered not medically necessary for treatment of Meniere's disease.

UpToDate and recent reviews list the positive pressure pulse generator among therapies they would not use for Meniere's disease; a Cochrane review concluded evidence for positive pressure therapy is of low or very low certainty and remains very uncertain.

Procedures and device codes referenced in this policy (see Coding section) include a list of CPT, HCPCS and ICD-10 codes for covered and not-covered services (for example CPT codes for labyrinthotomy, endolymphatic sac operations, labyrinthectomy and cochlear implantation, and HCPCS code E2120 for a pulse generator system); refer to the policy coding tables for the full code list and specific coverage notes.

Procedure, Device, and Diagnosis Codes

Procedure and device codes (listed in policy)mixed

61590	Infratemporal pre-auricular approach to middle cranial fossa (parapharyngeal space, infratemporal and midline skull base, nasopharynx), with or without disarticulation of the mandible, including parotidectomy, craniotomy, decompression and/or mobilization of the facial nerve and/or petrous carotid artery.
61591	Infratemporal post-auricular approach to middle cranial fossa (internal auditory meatus, petrous apex, tentorium, cavernous sinus, parasellar area, infratemporal fossa) including mastoidectomy, resection of sigmoid sinus, with or without decompression and/or mobilization of contents of auditory canal or petrous carotid artery.
61592	Orbitocranial zygomatic approach to middle cranial fossa (cavernous sinus and carotid artery, clivus, basilar artery or petrous apex) including osteotomy of zygoma, craniotomy, extra- or intradural elevation of temporal lobe.
64716	Neuroplasty and/or transposition; cranial nerve (specify) [vestibular (non-destructive to hearing)].
69433	Tympanostomy (requiring insertion of ventilating tube), local or topical anesthesia.
69436	Tympanostomy (requiring insertion of ventilating tube), general anesthesia.
69676	Tympanic neurectomy.
69801	Labyrinthotomy, with perfusion of vestibuloactive drug(s); transcanal [intra-typmanic gentamicin].
69805	Endolymphatic sac operation; without shunt.
69806	Endolymphatic sac operation; with shunt.

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ICD-10 codes (covered if selection criteria met)ICD-10Covered

H81.01-H81.09	Meniere's disease [active].
H83.8x1-H83.8x9	Other specified diseases of inner ear [superior semicircular canal dehiscence].
H90.3-H90.A32	Conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.

HCPCS codes noted as not covered in some situationsHCPCSNot Covered

E2120

Pulse generator system for tympanic treatment of inner ear endolymphatic fluid.

Procedures labeled investigational without specific codesneutralExperimental

Dexamethasone thermos-sensitive gel	No specific code listed
Tenotomy of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles	No specific code listed
Semi-circular canal plugging	No specific code listed

Procedures noted as unsupportedneutralNot Covered

Not specified

Cochleostomy with neurovascular transplant (No scientific evidence supporting safety and effectiveness; Medicare NCD does not cover).

Intratympanic therapiesneutral

Not specified	Intratympanic methylprednisolone or dexamethasone injections/perfusions (studied in RCTs and systematic reviews).
Not specified	Intratympanic gentamicin (comparative effectiveness trial evidence).

Surgical interventionsneutral

Not specified	Cochlear implantation, including cases combined with labyrinthectomy in select situations (reported in small series).
Not specified	Labyrinthectomy, vestibular neurectomy, semicircular canal plugging (TSCP/SCP).

Other surgical proceduresneutral

Not specified	Tenotomy of stapedius and tensor tympani muscles (TSTM).
Not specified	Endolymphatic sac drainage/shunt (with or without intra-sac steroids).

Prior Authorization, Documentation, and Clinical Workflow

Prior Authorization

Prior authorization — procedure and device codes

Providers must verify prior authorization requirements and submit authorizations where required before scheduling procedures or obtaining devices related to Meniere's disease and related disorders surgery. Covered and non-covered CPT/HCPCS/ICD-10 codes are listed in the policy's coding tables and should be referenced when requesting prior authorization.

Verify prior authorization for listed CPT codes (e.g., 61590, 61591, 61592, 64716, 69433, 69436, 69676, 69801, 69805, 69806, 69905, 69910, 69915, 69950, 69930) as applicable
Check HCPCS and device codes (e.g., L8614-L8629, E2120) and coverage status before procurement or billing
Use policy number 0514 reference when submitting authorization requests

Prior Authorization

Prior authorization considerations for uncommon/experimental procedures

When requesting prior authorization for uncommon or experimental procedures, include a clear clinical rationale and supporting literature. Procedures identified as experimental/investigational by Aetna (see list) are at high risk of denial; obtain medical director review if pursuing authorization.

Examples at high denial risk: cochleostomy with neurovascular transplant; intra-tympanic dexamethasone thermo-sensitive gel; positive pressure therapy to improve endolymphatic sac surgery outcomes; simultaneous labyrinthectomy with cochlear implantation; tenotomy of stapedius/tensor tympani; triple semi-circular canal plugging
Medicare NCD: cochleostomy with neurovascular transplant is not covered

Prior Authorization

Prior authorization for salvage intratympanic steroid therapy

For sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) salvage intratympanic glucocorticoid therapy should be considered only after inadequate response to initial therapy. Timing and prior treatments must be documented when requesting authorization.

Salvage intratympanic glucocorticoid injections are suggested for patients with <10 dB improvement or persistent ≥20 dB hearing loss after initial therapy
Treatment is ideally initiated within 6–8 weeks of symptom onset
If initial therapy was systemic glucocorticoids, intratympanic salvage is appropriate; no additional glucocorticoid therapy if initial treatment included both systemic and intratympanic glucocorticoids

Denial Risk

Investigational procedures — denial risk

Aetna considers certain procedures experimental/investigational; requests for these procedures are likely to be denied. Provide strong evidence if seeking exception and expect additional review.

Procedures listed as investigational include cochleostomy with neurovascular transplant, intra-tympanic dexamethasone thermo-sensitive gel, positive pressure therapy adjuncts, simultaneous labyrinthectomy with cochlear implantation, tenotomy of stapedius/tensor tympani, and triple semi-circular canal plugging
Medicare does not cover cochleostomy with neurovascular transplant for Meniere's disease per NCD

Denial Risk

Insufficient follow-up may affect evidence acceptability

Clinical evidence used to support requests should meet follow-up and reporting standards. Studies with insufficient follow-up were routinely excluded from systematic reviews and may weaken the case for coverage.

Cochrane-style reviews excluded trials with follow-up <3 months; provide adequate follow-up data when citing studies
Very low-certainty evidence from small trials may not support coverage for novel approaches

Prior Authorization

Prior authorization for surgery — selection criteria required

Before scheduling surgical interventions for Meniere's disease, confirm that selection criteria are met. Lack of documentation demonstrating these criteria may result in denial of authorization or payment.

Selection criteria required prior to surgery scheduling: disabling vertigo; symptoms for ≥2 years; failed conservative management; unilateral disease (labyrinthectomy only when severe–profound hearing loss in involved ear)
Document failure of dietary (low-sodium, avoid caffeine/alcohol/nicotine) and medical therapies (diuretics, anti-emetics, vestibular suppressants)

Note

No explicit prior authorization requirements stated in some excerpts

Some excerpts in the policy do not state explicit prior authorization or denial rules; in those cases follow standard plan prior-auth processes or contact Aetna for clarification.

When prior authorization language is not explicit in a section, use the coding tables and Appendix selection criteria as the operational guide
Contact Aetna provider services or use the member's plan portal to confirm prior authorization requirements

Documentation Required

Clinical documentation to justify surgery

Document chronic refractory disease and diagnostic confirmation clearly in the medical record to justify surgical interventions. Provide audiometric and vestibular testing results, duration of symptoms, and prior conservative treatments.

Document chronicity (≥2 years), disabling vertigo, and failure of conservative therapy
Provide rationale for chosen surgical approach (destructive vs non-destructive) and risk/benefit discussion

Documentation Required

Required clinical documentation for surgical interventions

Required clinical documentation for surgical interventions should include preoperative diagnostic testing, operative details, and objective outcome measures to support medical necessity and for post-operative review.

Audiometric testing (pure tone audiometry, speech discrimination) and documentation of air–bone gap where relevant
Vestibular testing results (caloric testing, VEMP thresholds, cVEMP/oVEMP) and vestibular function assessments
Operative reports describing procedure type, approach (middle fossa, transmastoid), and any device implantation
Post-operative follow-up data (audiometry, VEMP changes, vertigo control) when available

Documentation Required

Preoperative diagnostic testing and documentation for SSCD

For superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD), submit detailed preoperative diagnostic testing: symptom description, audiometry, high-resolution CT, and VEMP testing results to confirm diagnosis and document the target ear for surgery.

Symptoms: sound- or pressure-induced vertigo, oscillopsia, and demonstration of sound/pressure-evoked eye movements
Audiometry showing air–bone gap or other relevant findings
High-resolution CT demonstrating bony dehiscence of the superior semicircular canal
cVEMP and/or oVEMP thresholds (air- and bone-conducted) showing pathologically lowered thresholds to support diagnosis and to lateralize the worse ear

Documentation Required

Required documentation for surgical eligibility

Required documentation for surgical eligibility must confirm disabling vertigo, chronicity of symptoms, and failure of conservative management. Missing these elements may lead to non-coverage for surgical interventions.

Disabling vertigo documented in history and functional impact
Symptoms present for at least 2 years
Evidence of failed conservative management: dietary measures, diuretics, vestibular suppressants, and other medical therapy
For labyrinthectomy, document unilateral disease with severe-to-profound hearing loss in the involved ear

Note

No documentation requirements present in some excerpts

Some administrative or informational excerpts in the policy contain no explicit documentation requirements. When absent, rely on the policy's coding, selection criteria, and clinical sections for documentation expectations.

Use policy Appendix and background sections as the primary source for documentation requirements when not restated elsewhere
Contact Aetna for case-specific documentation guidance if uncertain

Note

Therapeutic sequencing guidance

Therapeutic sequencing should be documented: conservative measures first; for intra-tympanic options weigh methylprednisolone (hearing-preserving) versus gentamicin (vestibular ablation with hearing risk) based on clinical goals and hearing status.

Document trials of dietary sodium restriction, diuretics, vestibular suppressants, and other medical management prior to intra-tympanic or surgical interventions
When selecting intra-tympanic therapy, note that glucocorticoids are generally less destructive to hearing than gentamicin and may be preferred when hearing preservation is important

Step Therapy

Step therapy for sudden sensorineural hearing loss

Step therapy for SSNHL: initial systemic glucocorticoids are first-line; intratympanic glucocorticoids are an accepted salvage option for inadequate responders. Document prior systemic therapy when requesting intratympanic salvage treatment.

Initial therapy: systemic glucocorticoids for SSNHL unless contraindicated
Salvage: intratympanic glucocorticoids within 6–8 weeks for inadequate response to systemic therapy
If initial treatment included both systemic and intratympanic glucocorticoids, further glucocorticoid therapy is not recommended

Note

No step therapy requirements stated in these excerpts

No formal step therapy requirements beyond those described in the clinical guidance are stated in some policy excerpts; follow the clinical sequencing guidance above and the member's benefit plan for any utilization management rules.

Where step-therapy language is absent, use standard clinical sequencing (systemic → intratympanic salvage) and confirm any plan-specific utilization management rules
Contact Aetna for exceptions or case-by-case prior authorization inquiries

Background and Context

Meniere's disease is an inner ear disorder characterized by episodic vertigo, tinnitus, aural fullness and progressive hearing loss associated with endolymphatic hydrops. Conservative management — including dietary sodium restriction, diuretics and vestibular suppressants — is first-line; surgical intervention is considered for disabling vertigo refractory to medical and dietary therapy, with choice of procedure influenced by hearing status and laterality.

Definitions and Key Terms

Endolymphatic hydrops definition

DefinitionPathological distention of the endolymphatic system with increased endolymph volume; the key pathological finding in Meniere's disease.

Clinical significanceUnderlies episodic vertigo, tinnitus, aural fullness, and progressive hearing loss in Meniere's disease.

Implication for treatmentTarget for conservative (dietary/diuretic) and surgical interventions when symptoms are disabling and refractory to medical therapy.

Non-destructive vs destructive procedures definition

Non-destructive proceduresSurgeries intended to preserve hearing (e.g., endolymphatic sac surgery, vestibular nerve decompression, patching of perilymphatic fistulas).

Selectively destructive proceduresProcedures that may ablate specific vestibular function while aiming to limit cochlear damage (e.g., lateral semicircular canal plugging, middle fossa or retrosigmoid vestibular neurotomy).

Destructive proceduresProcedures that sacrifice hearing to control vertigo (e.g., labyrinthectomy, cochleosacculotomy).

Intratympanic therapy definition

DefinitionLocal delivery of medications into the middle ear (intra-tympanic/trans-tympanic) such as glucocorticoids or gentamicin to treat inner ear disorders including Meniere's disease.

Therapeutic intentGlucocorticoids are used as a non-ablative approach to preserve hearing; gentamicin is used as an ablative agent to control vertigo by reducing vestibular function.

Evidence summaryRandomized trials and meta-analyses show both gentamicin and glucocorticoids reduce vertigo versus placebo; glucocorticoids demonstrate better hearing preservation versus gentamicin.

Triple semi-circular canal plugging (TSCP) definition

DefinitionSurgical plugging of all three semicircular canals in the affected ear to control vertigo while aiming to preserve some hearing and otolith function.

Reported outcomesRetrospective series report high vertigo control (e.g., 98.7% at 2 years in Zhang et al 2016; 96.7% in Li et al 2023) with variable hearing preservation rates.

Evidence levelAvailable data are from retrospective, non-randomized series and considered preliminary; further well-designed studies are needed.

Superior semicircular canal dehiscence (SSCD) definition

DefinitionA defect or thinning of bone over the superior semicircular canal creating a 'third window' that transmits pressure and sound to the inner ear, provoking sound- or pressure-induced vertigo and related symptoms.

Typical featuresSymptoms include sound- or pressure-induced vertigo or oscillopsia, autophony, and fluctuating vestibulo-cochlear complaints.

Diagnostic confirmationDiagnosis relies on characteristic symptoms, demonstration of sound/pressure-evoked eye movements, lowered VEMP thresholds, and CT evidence of bony defect.

VEMP (vestibular evoked myogenic potential) definition and diagnostic role

DefinitionPhysiologic tests (cVEMP and oVEMP) measuring vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials; in SSCD thresholds to air- and bone-conducted stimuli are pathologically lowered and often normalize after corrective surgery.

Diagnostic roleLowered VEMP thresholds provide additional confirmation of SSCD and help identify the affected ear; both air- and bone-conducted VEMP characteristics are informative with air-conducted stimuli having high diagnostic utility.

Use in follow-upPostoperative normalization of VEMP thresholds is used to confirm successful canal plugging.

Meniere's disease concise definition

Concise definitionAn idiopathic inner ear disorder characterized by recurrent vertigo episodes lasting more than 20 minutes, unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, and tinnitus.

PathophysiologyAssociated with endolymphatic hydrops—an increase in endolymph volume and distention of the endolymphatic system.

Clinical courseConservative management is first-line; surgery is reserved for disabling, refractory cases when conservative measures fail.