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    v1.0.28
    OpenPayerBilling CodesCraniectomy or Craniotomy ProceduresCPT cpt-61534-craniotomy-resection-epileptogenic-focus
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    CPT 61534: Resection of Epileptogenic Focus via Craniotomy

    Medicare pays $1632 on average nationally for this procedure.

    CPT code 61534 describes a neurosurgical procedure in which the surgeon elevates a portion of a skull bone flap (craniotomy) to excise an epileptogenic focus, the area of brain generating seizure-causing electrical impulses; this service is a surgical resection for epilepsy typically performed in an operating room or other inpatient/outpatient surgical setting and does not include use of electrocorticography.

    For related coverage guidance, see recent payer policy updates: Intravenous Anesthetics for the Treatment of Chronic Pain and Psychiatric or Substance Use Disorders, Intravenous Anesthetics for the Treatment of Chronic Pain and Psychiatric or Substance Use Disorders, Intravenous Anesthetics for the Treatment of Chronic Pain and Psychiatric or Substance Use Disorders.

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    Table of contents

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    Clinical & Coding Specifications

    Clinical Context

    A 28-year-old patient with medically refractory focal epilepsy localized to the left temporal lobe by preoperative evaluation (video-EEG monitoring, MRI showing mesial temporal sclerosis, and neuropsychological testing) is scheduled for an open craniotomy and resection of the epileptogenic focus. The typical clinical workflow includes preoperative surgical consent and counseling, anesthesia evaluation, intraoperative neuronavigation to localize the lesion, a craniotomy with elevation of a skull bone flap, cortical exposure and resection of the epileptogenic tissue without intraoperative electrocorticography, hemostasis, and closure with replacement or management of the bone flap. Postoperative management includes neurologic monitoring in a post-anesthesia care unit or neurologic intensive care unit, pain control, antiseizure medication management, imaging (postoperative CT or MRI as indicated), and discharge planning with outpatient neurology follow-up for seizure control and rehabilitation as needed.

    Related CPT Codes

    CPT CodeDescriptionRelationship to This Procedure
    61518Craniectomy or craniotomy, supratentorial, for excision of tumor, cyst, or other lesion (includes elevation of bone flap)May be used when similar exposure or lesion excision techniques are required or when a neoplastic lesion is resected rather than an epileptogenic focus
    61790Craniectomy or craniotomy for excision of intracranial lesion, infratentorial or posterior fossaRelevant if the epileptogenic focus is located in the posterior fossa rather than supratentorially
    61312Craniectomy or craniotomy, with removal of epidural hematoma or subdural hematoma (for traumatic indications)Performed in emergent settings where hematoma evacuation is required in addition to cortical exposure (workflow overlap)
    95970Continuous intraoperative neurophysiology monitoring, limited (e.g., EEG monitoring)Performed adjunctively in some epilepsy surgeries when electrocorticography or EEG monitoring is used (note 61534 excludes electrocorticography)
    61785Stereotactic radiosurgery, intracranial lesion (single or multiple targets)Alternative or adjunctive treatment for certain epileptogenic lesions when resection is not performed

    Related Modifiers

    11 rows

    ModifierDescriptionWhen to Use
    22Modifier –22 (Increased Procedural Services) is used when a reported procedure is substantially more extensive than normally required. The CPT Manual and CMS state it may be appended only when the…- When to use: Append modifier -22 to a procedural CPT code when the service performed is substantially more extensive than the usual service described by that code — i.e., the procedure required…
    23Modifier -23 (Unusual Anesthesia) is used on anesthesia service CPT codes when a procedure that normally requires no anesthesia or only local anesthesia must be performed under general anesthesia…- Use modifier -23 only on anesthesia CPT codes (00100–01999) when a procedure that normally requires no anesthesia or only local anesthesia must be performed under general anesthesia because of…
    26Modifier 26 (Professional Component) identifies and bills only the professional portion of a split service — the physician’s interpretation, report, and medical judgment — when the technical…- Use CPT Modifier -26 when you are billing only the professional component (PC) of a split‑bill eligible service—i.e., you performed the physician interpretation, medical judgment and prepared a…
    50Modifier –50 (Bilateral Procedure) is appended to a CPT code when an identical procedure is performed on paired anatomical structures during the same operative session. The AMA states to add…- Use modifier -50 when the same CPT surgical, diagnostic, or radiology procedure is performed on paired anatomical structures (both sides of the body) during the same operative/session by the same…
    51Modifier –51 (Multiple Procedures) is used when the same provider performs multiple procedures in the same session to identify secondary, non‑exempt procedures and indicate payment reduction logic…- Use modifier -51 when the same provider performs multiple distinct procedures during the same patient encounter: report the highest‑valued procedure first (no modifier) and append -51 to…
    52Modifier ‑52 (Reduced Services) indicates that a service or procedure was partially reduced or omitted at the provider’s discretion, allowing reporting of the basic procedure number with a qualifier…- Use modifier -52 when a physician or qualified health professional electively reduces or omits part of a procedure or service (for example, performing fewer required views or omitting a portion of…
    53Modifier 53 (Discontinued Procedure) signals that a surgical or diagnostic service was begun by the physician but terminated because of extenuating circumstances that threatened the patient’s…- Use modifier -53 when a physician/qualified healthcare professional has started a surgical or diagnostic procedure (e.g., anesthesia administered, incision or scope insertion) and then discontinues…
    62Modifier 62 indicates that two surgeons function as co‑surgeons, each performing distinct parts of the same primary surgical procedure. It is appended to the primary procedure code (and any…- Use modifier -62 when two surgeons act as co‑surgeons (both primary surgeons) on a single definitive primary procedure, each performing distinct parts of the same surgical procedure (append -62 to…
    78CPT modifier -78 indicates an unplanned, related return to the operating or procedure room by the same provider during the global postoperative period. It is appended when treatment for a…- Use modifier -78 when an unplanned, related complication during the original procedure’s global postoperative period requires the patient to return to a formal operating or procedure room and the…
    79Modifier 79 indicates a surgical procedure performed during the postoperative global period of a prior surgery that is unrelated to the original procedure. Per AMA/CPT and CMS guidance, it is…- Use modifier 79 when the same physician (or same‑specialty physician in the same group) performs a surgical procedure during the postoperative global period of a prior surgery and the new procedure…

    Showing 1–10 of 11

    Related Provider Taxonomies

    8 rows

    Taxonomy CodeSpecialtyNotes
    207RC0000XCardiovascular Disease PhysicianAn internist who specializes in diseases of the heart and blood vessels and manages complex cardiac conditions such as heart attacks and life-threaten…
    2084P0800XPsychiatry PhysicianA Psychiatrist specializes in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of mental disorders, emotional disorders, psychotic disorders, mood disorders, …
    282N00000XGeneral Acute Care HospitalAn acute general hospital is an institution whose primary function is to provide inpatient diagnostic and therapeutic services for a variety of medica…
    363L00000XNurse Practitioner(1) A registered nurse provider with a graduate degree in nursing prepared for advanced practice involving independent and interdependent decision mak…
    363AM0700XMedical Physician AssistantPhysician Assistants & Advanced Practice Nursing Providers · Physician Assistant
    342000000XTransportation Network CompanyA ride-sharing company that provides prearranged or contracted non-emergency medical transportation services to patients through mobile or online tech…
    2278C0205XCritical Care Certified Respiratory TherapistRespiratory emergencies are commonplace in the treatment of critical care patients. Included in the assessment measurements conducted by the respirat…
    204E00000XOral & Maxillofacial Surgery (D.M.D.)Oral and maxillofacial surgeons are trained to recognize and treat a wide spectrum of diseases, injuries and defects in the head, neck, face, jaws and…

    Related Payer Policy Updates

    Specialty: Anesthesiology1 / 3

    9 rows

    PolicyPayerEffective Date
    Intravenous Anesthetics for the Treatment of Chronic Pain and Psychiatric or Substance Use DisordersPremera Bluecross2026-07-01
    Intravenous Anesthetics for the Treatment of Chronic Pain and Psychiatric or Substance Use DisordersPremera Bluecross2026-07-01
    Intravenous Anesthetics for the Treatment of Chronic Pain and Psychiatric or Substance Use DisordersPremera Bluecross2026-07-01
    Intravenous Anesthetics for the Treatment of Chronic Pain and Psychiatric or Substance Use DisordersPremera Bluecross2026-07-01
    Elective Inpatient Services (for Idaho Only)UnitedHealthcare2026-06-01
    Sites of Servicepriority health2026-06-01
    Coverage for Ambulatory Surgery Unit (ASU)/Outpatient Facility and Anesthesia for Dental Servicesuniverahealthcare2026-05-21
    Mm_0579_Coveragepositioncriteria_Anesthesia_Services_Selected_Nerve_BlocksCigna2026-05-15
    Intravenous Anesthetics for the Treatment of Chronic Pain and Psychiatric DisordersBlue Cross Blue Shield - North Carolina2026-04-01

    Related Codes

    CPT-61304-ANTERIOR-SKULL-CRANIOTOMY-BRAIN-INSPECTION

    CPT 61304: Supratentorial Craniotomy for Frontal Brain Inspection

    CPT-61305-POSTERIOR-FOSSA-INSPECTION-SUBTENTORIAL-APPROACH

    CPT 61305: Posterior Fossa Cranial Exploration

    CPT-61312-SUPRATENTORIAL-HEMATOMA-EVACUATION-CRANIOTOMY

    CPT 61312: Supratentorial Hematoma Evacuation, Craniotomy/Craniectomy

    CPT-61313-FRONTAL-HEMATOMA-EVACUATION-BURR-HOLE-CRANIOTOMY

    CPT 61313: Craniotomy/Burr Hole Evacuation of Intracranial Hematoma

    CPT-61314-NEUROSURGICAL-HEMATOMA-EVACUATION-BURR-HOLES

    CPT 61314: Evacuation of Subdural Hematoma via Burr Holes or Craniotomy

    CPT-61315-POSTERIOR-FOSSA-CRANIOTOMY-HEMATOMA-EVACUATION

    CPT 61315: Suboccipital Craniotomy for Cerebellar Hematoma Drainage

    CPT-61316-CRANIAL-BONE-GRAFT-POCKETING-TEMPORARY-ABDOMINAL-STORAGE

    CPT 61316: Temporary Subcutaneous Cranial Bone Graft Placement

    CPT-61320-INTRACRANIAL-ABSCESS-DRAINAGE-SUPRATENTORIAL

    CPT 61320: Craniotomy for Drainage of Intracranial Abscess

    CPT-61321-CRANIAL-ABSCESS-DRAINAGE

    CPT 61321: Craniotomy to Drain Brain Abscess

    CPT-61322-DECOMPRESSIVE-CRANIECTOMY-DURAPLASTY

    CPT 61322: Decompressive Craniectomy for Elevated Intracranial Pressure

    Showing 1–10 of 62

    Frequently Asked Questions

    References

    1. 1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.Maintains the CPT code set's official descriptions and guidelines, licensed from the American Medical Association, used as the definitional source for CPT codes on this page.
    2. 2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's quarterly release of HCPCS Level II codes and short/long descriptors, the source for HCPCS code definitions and update history.
    3. 3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's complete ICD-10-CM diagnosis code list, used to cross-reference diagnosis codes associated with this procedure or service.
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