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CPT 49412: Fiducial Marker or Dosimeter Placement During Open Abdominal/Pelvic Surgery

Headline: CPT code 49412 defines intraoperative placement of fiducial markers or dosimeters during open abdominal, pelvic, or retroperitoneal surgery.

Lead: CPT code 49412 represents an add-on operative service for placing fiducial markers or a dosimeter to guide or measure radiation therapy delivered to targeted soft tissue. The code is relevant across hospital-based surgical oncology, radiation oncology coordination, and perioperative billing workflows.

Why it matters: Placement of fiducial markers and dosimeters improves targeting accuracy for adjuvant or neoadjuvant radiation, supporting better local control and safer dose delivery. Proper documentation and coding of this add-on procedure affect surgical and radiation oncology claims, facility billing, and multidisciplinary care coordination nationally.

Payers: Analysis typically considers major national payers including Aetna, Blue Cross Blue Shield, Cigna Health, UnitedHealthcare, and Medicare for coverage and coding guidance.

What readers will learn: The report summarizes clinical context for 49412, common payer approaches and coverage themes, coding and billing considerations for add-on intraoperative marker placement, and typical sites of service. It highlights benchmarks and policy updates where available and details operational implications for surgical and radiation oncology teams.

Data availability: Data not available in the input for payer-specific rates, ICD-10 pairings, taxonomies, and related codes.

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Billing Code Overview

CPT code 49412 describes the placement of one or more fiducial markers or a dosimeter in soft tissue to guide or measure radiation therapy. This is an add-on procedural service performed concurrently with another open abdominal, pelvic, or retroperitoneal procedure, such as tumor resection.

Service type: Image-guidance / marker placement during open surgical procedure

Typical site of service: Operating room during open abdominal, pelvic, or retroperitoneal surgery

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CPT 49412: Fiducial Marker or Dosimeter Placement During Open Abdominal/Pelvic Surgery

Headline: CPT code 49412 defines intraoperative placement of fiducial markers or dosimeters during open abdominal, pelvic, or retroperitoneal surgery.

Payers: Analysis typically considers major national payers including Aetna, Blue Cross Blue Shield, Cigna Health, UnitedHealthcare, and Medicare for coverage and coding guidance.

Data availability: Data not available in the input for payer-specific rates, ICD-10 pairings, taxonomies, and related codes.

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Get alerted when payer policies referencing 49412 are released or updated.

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Billing Code Overview

Service type: Image-guidance / marker placement during open surgical procedure

Typical site of service: Operating room during open abdominal, pelvic, or retroperitoneal surgery

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

A 62-year-old patient with a partially resected retroperitoneal sarcoma undergoes an open laparotomy for tumor debulking. At the time of the open abdominal procedure the surgical team places multiple fiducial markers into the soft-tissue tumor bed to guide postoperative external-beam radiation therapy. The workflow includes intraoperative localization of the tumor margin, placement of radiopaque fiducials in and around the target volume, confirmation of marker position with intraoperative radiography or fluoroscopy, documentation of number and location of markers in the operative note, and coordination with radiation oncology for simulation and treatment planning. The service is performed contemporaneously with the primary open procedure and reported as an add-on service using 49412 in addition to the primary procedure code for the open abdominal, pelvic, or retroperitoneal operation.

Coding Specifications

Modifier	Description	When to Use
`22`	Increased procedural services	Use when substantial additional work beyond typical is documented for marker placement (rare).
`23`	Unusual anesthesia	Use when unplanned, medically necessary anesthesia is required for the add-on procedure.
`50`	Bilateral procedure	Use if fiducials are placed in anatomically distinct bilateral sites during the same operation (if applicable).
`52`	Reduced service	Use when fiducial placement is partially reduced or not fully completed.
`53`	Discontinued procedure	Use when fiducial placement was started but discontinued for documented reasons.
`62`	Two surgeons	Use when two surgeons of different specialties are required and both contribute to the fiducial placement.
`63`	Procedures on infants less than 4 kg	Use when patient meets that age/weight criterion for the intraoperative service.
`66`	Surgical team (including COTs)	Use when a surgical team approach is reported and documented for the add-on service.
`78`	Unplanned return to the operating/procedure room by the same physician following initial procedure for a related procedure during the postoperative period	Use if fiducial placement is performed in an unplanned return trip to the OR related to the index operation.
`80`	Assistant surgeon	Use when a surgical assistant is required and documented.
`81`	Minimum assistant surgeon	Use when a minimum-assistant surgeon is documented per payer policy.
`82`	Assistant surgeon when qualified resident surgeon not available	Use when no qualified resident is available and an assistant surgeon is used.
`AS`	Physician assistant, nurse practitioner, or clinical nurse specialist services furnished in part by assistant at surgery	Use when an advanced practice clinician assists with the operative procedure and payer accepts `AS`.
`QK`	Medical direction of two, three, or four certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs)	Use when physician directs multiple CRNAs for anesthesia during the combined operation.

Taxonomy Code	Specialty	Notes
208100000X	General Surgery	Surgeons performing open abdominal, pelvic, or retroperitoneal tumor resections who place fiducials.
208600000X	Surgical Oncology	Surgical oncologists commonly place fiducials at tumor resection or biopsy.
208000000X	Colon and Rectal Surgery	Colorectal surgeons may place fiducials for pelvic/rectal neoplasms when performing open procedures.
207L00000X	Radiation Oncology	Radiation oncologists coordinate fiducial use for simulation and treatment planning (may not place during open surgery but are key in workflow).
207K00000X	Diagnostic Radiology	Interventional or diagnostic radiologists may place or image fiducials intraoperatively or postoperatively.

Related Diagnoses

ICD-10 Code	Description	Clinical Relevance
`C49.A`	Malignant neoplasm of peripheral nerves and autonomic nervous system of abdomen	Retroperitoneal or abdominal soft-tissue tumors requiring resection and adjuvant radiation; fiducials assist targeting.
`C49.Z`	Malignant neoplasm of connective and soft tissue of abdomen, unspecified	Soft-tissue abdominal tumors where fiducials guide postoperative radiation therapy.
`C48.2`	Malignant neoplasm of retroperitoneum and peritoneum	Retroperitoneal tumors commonly require combined surgical and radiation planning using fiducials.
`C54.9`	Malignant neoplasm of corpus uteri, unspecified	Pelvic malignancies for which fiducials placed during open pelvic surgery can aid adjuvant radiation.
`C61`	Malignant neoplasm of prostate	Pelvic cancers where fiducial markers are commonly used to guide radiation therapy; in open pelvic procedures markers may be placed intraoperatively.
`C16.9`	Malignant neoplasm of stomach, unspecified	Upper abdominal malignancies that may receive adjuvant radiation with fiducial guidance after open resection.
`C78.7`	Secondary malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile duct	Metastatic lesions in the abdomen where fiducials can be placed intraoperatively to target localized radiation.

Related CPT Codes

CPT Code	Description	Relationship to This Procedure
`44120`	Enterectomy, resection of small intestine; single resection and anastomosis	Example of an open abdominal resection that could be the primary procedure when fiducials are placed as an add-on.
`48900`	Excision of retroperitoneal tumor, open; intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal approach	Primary open retroperitoneal tumor excision that may include placement of fiducial markers reported with `49412` as an add-on.
`56100`	Radical abdominal hysterectomy, with or without removal of tube(s), ovary(ies)	An open pelvic oncologic operation during which fiducials for adjuvant radiation could be placed.
`77014`	Computed tomography guidance for placement of radiation therapy localization/monitoring device (for example, fiducial markers)	Imaging-guided percutaneous fiducial placement; alternative to intraoperative open placement and relevant to multidisciplinary planning.
`77295`	Radiation treatment planning, complex, including dose-volume histograms and image fusion	Postoperative radiation planning that uses fiducials placed intraoperatively to define target volumes and setup.
`55875`	Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (used here as an example of pelvic surgery where fiducials may be placed in different workflows)	Demonstrates a related pelvic oncologic procedure where fiducials can be used for radiation targeting, though `49412` is specific to open abdominal/pelvic/retroperitoneal procedures.

CPT 49411: Abdominal Fiducial or Dosimeter Placement for Radiation Guidance

Frequently Asked Questions

References

1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.
2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.
3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.

Published by

Trek Health powers OpenPayer with a leading commercial payer intelligence platform, seamlessly converting fragmented payer data into actionable insights for provider organizations.

Trek Health ingests and normalizes Transparency in Coverage data and payer policy updates to give provider organizations a clear view of how commercial reimbursement behaves across markets, payers, and services. Our platform transforms raw payer disclosures into structured intelligence that supports contract evaluation, payer negotiations, and service line strategy. By combining market benchmarks with ongoing policy visibility, Trek helps teams identify variability, risk, and opportunity in commercial reimbursement. The result is faster insight, stronger negotiating positions, and more informed financial decisions.

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Modifier	Description	When to Use
`22`	Increased procedural services	Use when substantial additional work beyond typical is documented for marker placement (rare).
`23`	Unusual anesthesia	Use when unplanned, medically necessary anesthesia is required for the add-on procedure.
`50`	Bilateral procedure	Use if fiducials are placed in anatomically distinct bilateral sites during the same operation (if applicable).
`52`	Reduced service	Use when fiducial placement is partially reduced or not fully completed.
`53`	Discontinued procedure	Use when fiducial placement was started but discontinued for documented reasons.
`62`	Two surgeons	Use when two surgeons of different specialties are required and both contribute to the fiducial placement.
`63`	Procedures on infants less than 4 kg	Use when patient meets that age/weight criterion for the intraoperative service.
`66`	Surgical team (including COTs)	Use when a surgical team approach is reported and documented for the add-on service.
`78`	Unplanned return to the operating/procedure room by the same physician following initial procedure for a related procedure during the postoperative period	Use if fiducial placement is performed in an unplanned return trip to the OR related to the index operation.
`80`	Assistant surgeon	Use when a surgical assistant is required and documented.
`81`	Minimum assistant surgeon	Use when a minimum-assistant surgeon is documented per payer policy.
`82`	Assistant surgeon when qualified resident surgeon not available	Use when no qualified resident is available and an assistant surgeon is used.
`AS`	Physician assistant, nurse practitioner, or clinical nurse specialist services furnished in part by assistant at surgery	Use when an advanced practice clinician assists with the operative procedure and payer accepts `AS`.
`QK`	Medical direction of two, three, or four certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs)	Use when physician directs multiple CRNAs for anesthesia during the combined operation.

Taxonomy Code	Specialty	Notes
208100000X	General Surgery	Surgeons performing open abdominal, pelvic, or retroperitoneal tumor resections who place fiducials.
208600000X	Surgical Oncology	Surgical oncologists commonly place fiducials at tumor resection or biopsy.
208000000X	Colon and Rectal Surgery	Colorectal surgeons may place fiducials for pelvic/rectal neoplasms when performing open procedures.
207L00000X	Radiation Oncology	Radiation oncologists coordinate fiducial use for simulation and treatment planning (may not place during open surgery but are key in workflow).
207K00000X	Diagnostic Radiology	Interventional or diagnostic radiologists may place or image fiducials intraoperatively or postoperatively.

Related Diagnoses

ICD-10 Code	Description	Clinical Relevance
`C49.A`	Malignant neoplasm of peripheral nerves and autonomic nervous system of abdomen	Retroperitoneal or abdominal soft-tissue tumors requiring resection and adjuvant radiation; fiducials assist targeting.
`C49.Z`	Malignant neoplasm of connective and soft tissue of abdomen, unspecified	Soft-tissue abdominal tumors where fiducials guide postoperative radiation therapy.
`C48.2`	Malignant neoplasm of retroperitoneum and peritoneum	Retroperitoneal tumors commonly require combined surgical and radiation planning using fiducials.
`C54.9`	Malignant neoplasm of corpus uteri, unspecified	Pelvic malignancies for which fiducials placed during open pelvic surgery can aid adjuvant radiation.
`C61`	Malignant neoplasm of prostate	Pelvic cancers where fiducial markers are commonly used to guide radiation therapy; in open pelvic procedures markers may be placed intraoperatively.
`C16.9`	Malignant neoplasm of stomach, unspecified	Upper abdominal malignancies that may receive adjuvant radiation with fiducial guidance after open resection.
`C78.7`	Secondary malignant neoplasm of liver and intrahepatic bile duct	Metastatic lesions in the abdomen where fiducials can be placed intraoperatively to target localized radiation.

Related CPT Codes

CPT Code	Description	Relationship to This Procedure
`44120`	Enterectomy, resection of small intestine; single resection and anastomosis	Example of an open abdominal resection that could be the primary procedure when fiducials are placed as an add-on.
`48900`	Excision of retroperitoneal tumor, open; intraperitoneal or extraperitoneal approach	Primary open retroperitoneal tumor excision that may include placement of fiducial markers reported with `49412` as an add-on.
`56100`	Radical abdominal hysterectomy, with or without removal of tube(s), ovary(ies)	An open pelvic oncologic operation during which fiducials for adjuvant radiation could be placed.
`77014`	Computed tomography guidance for placement of radiation therapy localization/monitoring device (for example, fiducial markers)	Imaging-guided percutaneous fiducial placement; alternative to intraoperative open placement and relevant to multidisciplinary planning.
`77295`	Radiation treatment planning, complex, including dose-volume histograms and image fusion	Postoperative radiation planning that uses fiducials placed intraoperatively to define target volumes and setup.
`55875`	Laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (used here as an example of pelvic surgery where fiducials may be placed in different workflows)	Demonstrates a related pelvic oncologic procedure where fiducials can be used for radiation targeting, though `49412` is specific to open abdominal/pelvic/retroperitoneal procedures.

CPT 49411: Abdominal Fiducial or Dosimeter Placement for Radiation Guidance

Frequently Asked Questions

References

1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.
2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.
3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.

Published by

Trek Health powers OpenPayer with a leading commercial payer intelligence platform, seamlessly converting fragmented payer data into actionable insights for provider organizations.

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CPT 49412: Fiducial Marker or Dosimeter Placement During Open Abdominal/Pelvic Surgery

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Billing Code Overview

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CPT 49412: Fiducial Marker or Dosimeter Placement During Open Abdominal/Pelvic Surgery

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Billing Code Overview

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

Related Codes

References

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

Related Codes

References

CPT 49412: Fiducial Marker or Dosimeter Placement During Open Abdominal/Pelvic Surgery

Sign up for cpt 49412 policy alerts

Billing Code Overview

CPT 49412: Fiducial Marker or Dosimeter Placement During Open Abdominal/Pelvic Surgery

Sign up for cpt 49412 policy alerts

Billing Code Overview

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

Related Codes

What does CPT 49412 describe and when is it reported?

What clinical and operative documentation is needed to support billing CPT 49412?

How is 49412 reported relative to the primary surgical procedure and what related CPT codes are relevant?

Which modifiers are commonly used with CPT 49412 and when should they be applied?

Which specialties and taxonomies are associated with performing and coordinating the service described by 49412?

References

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

Related Codes

What does CPT 49412 describe and when is it reported?

What clinical and operative documentation is needed to support billing CPT 49412?

How is 49412 reported relative to the primary surgical procedure and what related CPT codes are relevant?

Which modifiers are commonly used with CPT 49412 and when should they be applied?

Which specialties and taxonomies are associated with performing and coordinating the service described by 49412?

References