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CPT 48400: Intraoperative Pancreatic Duct Contrast Study

CPT code 48400 represents the intraoperative injection of contrast into the pancreatic duct for radiographic imaging to assess ductal patency and rule out obstruction during pancreatic surgery. This targeted diagnostic step informs surgical decision-making and can influence immediate intraoperative management to prevent postoperative complications related to ductal obstruction.

Key payers in this national overview include Aetna, Blue Cross Blue Shield, Cigna Health, UnitedHealthcare, and Medicare. The analysis covers clinical context, coding considerations, and payer coverage patterns relevant to hospitals, surgical teams, and billing departments.

Readers will gain an understanding of the clinical purpose of CPT code 48400, the typical care setting (operating room during pancreatic surgery), and the types of surgical scenarios where the code applies. The publication outlines common billing modifiers associated with intraoperative diagnostic procedures, summarizes payer coverage approaches, and highlights benchmarks and policy updates affecting reimbursement and documentation expectations. Data not available in the input is noted where applicable.

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Billing Code Overview

CPT code 48400 describes the injection of a radiographic dye into the pancreatic duct to obtain X-ray imaging of the ductal system during pancreatic surgery. This procedure is performed intraoperatively to evaluate patency and detect obstruction of pancreatic fluid flow.

Service type: Intraoperative diagnostic imaging procedure involving contrast injection into the pancreatic duct
Typical site of service: Operating room during pancreatic surgical procedures

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CPT 48400: Intraoperative Pancreatic Duct Contrast Study

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Billing Code Overview

Service type: Intraoperative diagnostic imaging procedure involving contrast injection into the pancreatic duct
Typical site of service: Operating room during pancreatic surgical procedures

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

A typical patient is an adult undergoing an open or exploratory pancreatic operation — for example, a distal pancreatectomy, pancreatic head resection, or repair of a traumatic pancreatic duct injury. The patient often presents with symptoms or imaging findings consistent with obstructive pancreatopathy, suspected pancreatic duct disruption, chronic pancreatitis with ductal strictures, or intraoperative concern for retained ductal obstruction. Intraoperatively, after exposure of the pancreas, the surgeon cannulates the pancreatic duct and injects radiopaque contrast dye under fluoroscopy to perform a pancreatogram. The imaging confirms ductal patency, identifies strictures or leaks, and guides further operative steps such as ductal repair, pancreaticojejunostomy, stricture dilation, or additional resection. Typical site of service is an operating room in an acute care hospital; the service is physician‑performed, generally by a general surgeon or hepatopancreatobiliary (HPB) surgeon, often with intraoperative radiology/fluoroscopy support and perioperative anesthesia care. Patient monitoring includes standard intraoperative vital signs, fluoroscopic imaging, and documentation of contrast type, volume, and duct cannulation technique.

Coding Specifications

Modifier	Description	When to Use
`11`	Normal or initial procedural service	Use when the surgeon performs the procedure as the primary service during the operative session.
`22`	Increased procedural services	Use when documentation supports substantially greater work than typical for the procedure (e.g., complex ductal repair with extended time and complexity).
`52`	Reduced services	Use when the intraoperative pancreatogram is partially performed or limited compared with full technical expectations.
`53`	Discontinued procedure	Use when the procedure is started but terminated due to extenuating circumstances before completion.
`62`	Two surgeons	Use when another surgeon of the same specialty is scrubbed and provides distinct surgical services (co-surgery).
`66`	Surgical team (multiple specialists)	Use when a surgical team with multiple specialists bills for components of the operation.
`78`	Unplanned return to the operating room following initial procedure	Use when a repeat intraoperative pancreatogram is performed during an unplanned reoperation related to the initial procedure.
`80`	Assistant surgeon	Use when a surgical assistant performs a portion of the operation and the payer allows assistant billing.
`81`	Minimum assistant surgeon	Use when a minimal assistant role is documented and payer allows this modifier.
`AS`	Physician assistant, nurse practitioner, or clinical nurse specialist service	Use when an advanced practice clinician performs or assists in aspects of the procedure as allowed by state law and payer policy.
`26`	Professional component	Use when reporting only the physician’s interpretation component of an intraoperative fluoroscopic pancreatogram separate from technical imaging services.
`73`	Discontinued outpatient hospital/ambulatory surgery center (ASC) procedure prior to anesthesia administration	Use when planned ASC or outpatient case is cancelled after patient arrival but before anesthesia and pancreatogram not performed.
`50`	Bilateral procedure	Not typically applicable, but use when bilateral anatomic procedures are reported and payer requires bilateral modifier semantics.
`23`	Unusual anesthesia	Use when general anesthesia is not used and documentation indicates unusual circumstances requiring local/other anesthesia with significant patient distress.

Taxonomy Code	Specialty	Notes
207P00000X	General Surgery	Most common specialty performing intraoperative pancreatography during pancreatic operations.
2080P0200X	Surgery, Transplant	HPB/transplant surgeons who perform complex pancreatic resections and ductal reconstructions.
208800000X	Radiology	Intraoperative fluoroscopy and interpretation support, when radiology is involved.
364S00000X	Physician Assistant	Advanced practice clinicians who may assist intraoperatively depending on state law and facility privileging.
363A00000X	Anesthesiology	Provides perioperative anesthesia care and manages intraoperative conditions during pancreatography.

Related Diagnoses

ICD-10 Code	Description	Clinical Relevance
`K86.1`	Chronic pancreatitis	Ductal strictures or obstruction commonly assessed intraoperatively with pancreatography to plan definitive management.
`K85.9`	Acute pancreatitis, unspecified	When operative exploration is required for complications (necrosis, duct disruption) and pancreatogram evaluates duct integrity.
`K86.2`	Cyst of pancreas	Pancreatic cystic lesions may communicate with the duct; intraoperative pancreatogram assesses communication and guides resection or drainage.
`S36.0X0A`	Injury of pancreas, initial encounter	Traumatic ductal injury requires intraoperative imaging to identify leak sites and direct surgical repair.
`K83.1`	Obstruction of bile duct	Concurrent biliary obstruction can coexist; pancreatography may be used when pancreatic duct anatomy is also in question during combined procedures.

Related CPT Codes

CPT Code	Description	Relationship to This Procedure
`48140`	Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple)	Major pancreatic resection often accompanied by intraoperative pancreatography to assess ductal anatomy and anastomosis integrity.
`48145`	Distal pancreatectomy, with or without splenectomy	Resection of the pancreatic body/tail where pancreatogram may be used intraoperatively to evaluate ductal involvement or guide resection margins.
`43280`	Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, diagnostic, with or without collection of specimens	Preoperative or intraoperative endoscopic assessment of pancreatic duct; may be performed prior to operative pancreatography in select cases.
`47562`	Laparoscopic cholecystectomy with cholangiography	Intraoperative biliary imaging analogous to pancreatography; often performed in cases with concurrent biliary disease.
`49422`	Insertion of percutaneous intraperitoneal catheter for drainage	Performed when drainage of pancreatic collections or postoperative management is required after ductal disruption identified by pancreatogram.
`76000`	Fluoroscopic guidance for needle placement (eg, biopsy, aspiration, or injection)	Represents the fluoroscopic imaging component that supports intraoperative pancreatography; may be performed by radiology or operative team.

Frequently Asked Questions

References

1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.
2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.
3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.

Published by

Trek Health powers OpenPayer with a leading commercial payer intelligence platform, seamlessly converting fragmented payer data into actionable insights for provider organizations.

Trek Health ingests and normalizes Transparency in Coverage data and payer policy updates to give provider organizations a clear view of how commercial reimbursement behaves across markets, payers, and services. Our platform transforms raw payer disclosures into structured intelligence that supports contract evaluation, payer negotiations, and service line strategy. By combining market benchmarks with ongoing policy visibility, Trek helps teams identify variability, risk, and opportunity in commercial reimbursement. The result is faster insight, stronger negotiating positions, and more informed financial decisions.

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Modifier	Description	When to Use
`11`	Normal or initial procedural service	Use when the surgeon performs the procedure as the primary service during the operative session.
`22`	Increased procedural services	Use when documentation supports substantially greater work than typical for the procedure (e.g., complex ductal repair with extended time and complexity).
`52`	Reduced services	Use when the intraoperative pancreatogram is partially performed or limited compared with full technical expectations.
`53`	Discontinued procedure	Use when the procedure is started but terminated due to extenuating circumstances before completion.
`62`	Two surgeons	Use when another surgeon of the same specialty is scrubbed and provides distinct surgical services (co-surgery).
`66`	Surgical team (multiple specialists)	Use when a surgical team with multiple specialists bills for components of the operation.
`78`	Unplanned return to the operating room following initial procedure	Use when a repeat intraoperative pancreatogram is performed during an unplanned reoperation related to the initial procedure.
`80`	Assistant surgeon	Use when a surgical assistant performs a portion of the operation and the payer allows assistant billing.
`81`	Minimum assistant surgeon	Use when a minimal assistant role is documented and payer allows this modifier.
`AS`	Physician assistant, nurse practitioner, or clinical nurse specialist service	Use when an advanced practice clinician performs or assists in aspects of the procedure as allowed by state law and payer policy.
`26`	Professional component	Use when reporting only the physician’s interpretation component of an intraoperative fluoroscopic pancreatogram separate from technical imaging services.
`73`	Discontinued outpatient hospital/ambulatory surgery center (ASC) procedure prior to anesthesia administration	Use when planned ASC or outpatient case is cancelled after patient arrival but before anesthesia and pancreatogram not performed.
`50`	Bilateral procedure	Not typically applicable, but use when bilateral anatomic procedures are reported and payer requires bilateral modifier semantics.
`23`	Unusual anesthesia	Use when general anesthesia is not used and documentation indicates unusual circumstances requiring local/other anesthesia with significant patient distress.

Taxonomy Code	Specialty	Notes
207P00000X	General Surgery	Most common specialty performing intraoperative pancreatography during pancreatic operations.
2080P0200X	Surgery, Transplant	HPB/transplant surgeons who perform complex pancreatic resections and ductal reconstructions.
208800000X	Radiology	Intraoperative fluoroscopy and interpretation support, when radiology is involved.
364S00000X	Physician Assistant	Advanced practice clinicians who may assist intraoperatively depending on state law and facility privileging.
363A00000X	Anesthesiology	Provides perioperative anesthesia care and manages intraoperative conditions during pancreatography.

Related Diagnoses

ICD-10 Code	Description	Clinical Relevance
`K86.1`	Chronic pancreatitis	Ductal strictures or obstruction commonly assessed intraoperatively with pancreatography to plan definitive management.
`K85.9`	Acute pancreatitis, unspecified	When operative exploration is required for complications (necrosis, duct disruption) and pancreatogram evaluates duct integrity.
`K86.2`	Cyst of pancreas	Pancreatic cystic lesions may communicate with the duct; intraoperative pancreatogram assesses communication and guides resection or drainage.
`S36.0X0A`	Injury of pancreas, initial encounter	Traumatic ductal injury requires intraoperative imaging to identify leak sites and direct surgical repair.
`K83.1`	Obstruction of bile duct	Concurrent biliary obstruction can coexist; pancreatography may be used when pancreatic duct anatomy is also in question during combined procedures.

Related CPT Codes

CPT Code	Description	Relationship to This Procedure
`48140`	Pancreaticoduodenectomy (Whipple)	Major pancreatic resection often accompanied by intraoperative pancreatography to assess ductal anatomy and anastomosis integrity.
`48145`	Distal pancreatectomy, with or without splenectomy	Resection of the pancreatic body/tail where pancreatogram may be used intraoperatively to evaluate ductal involvement or guide resection margins.
`43280`	Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, diagnostic, with or without collection of specimens	Preoperative or intraoperative endoscopic assessment of pancreatic duct; may be performed prior to operative pancreatography in select cases.
`47562`	Laparoscopic cholecystectomy with cholangiography	Intraoperative biliary imaging analogous to pancreatography; often performed in cases with concurrent biliary disease.
`49422`	Insertion of percutaneous intraperitoneal catheter for drainage	Performed when drainage of pancreatic collections or postoperative management is required after ductal disruption identified by pancreatogram.
`76000`	Fluoroscopic guidance for needle placement (eg, biopsy, aspiration, or injection)	Represents the fluoroscopic imaging component that supports intraoperative pancreatography; may be performed by radiology or operative team.

Frequently Asked Questions

References

1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.
2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.
3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Jul 29, 2026.

Published by

Trek Health powers OpenPayer with a leading commercial payer intelligence platform, seamlessly converting fragmented payer data into actionable insights for provider organizations.

OpenPayer

CPT 48400: Intraoperative Pancreatic Duct Contrast Study

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Billing Code Overview

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OpenPayer

CPT 48400: Intraoperative Pancreatic Duct Contrast Study

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Billing Code Overview

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

References

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

References

CPT 48400: Intraoperative Pancreatic Duct Contrast Study

Sign up for cpt 48400 policy alerts

Billing Code Overview

CPT 48400: Intraoperative Pancreatic Duct Contrast Study

Sign up for cpt 48400 policy alerts

Billing Code Overview

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

What clinical procedure does CPT 48400 describe and where is it typically performed?

Which billing modifiers are relevant for reporting CPT 48400 and when are they used?

What other CPT codes are commonly associated with or related to CPT 48400?

Which specialties and provider types are usually involved with an intraoperative pancreatogram billed under 48400?

What diagnoses typically justify performing an intraoperative pancreatic duct contrast study under CPT 48400?

References

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

What clinical procedure does CPT 48400 describe and where is it typically performed?

Which billing modifiers are relevant for reporting CPT 48400 and when are they used?

What other CPT codes are commonly associated with or related to CPT 48400?

Which specialties and provider types are usually involved with an intraoperative pancreatogram billed under 48400?

What diagnoses typically justify performing an intraoperative pancreatic duct contrast study under CPT 48400?

References