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    OpenPayerBilling CodesIncision Procedures on the EsophagusCPT cpt-43020-esophageal-foreign-body-removal-cervical-approach
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    CPT 43020: Esophagotomy for Foreign Body Removal

    Medicare pays $559 on average nationally for this procedure.

    CPT code 43020 describes a surgical procedure in which the provider makes an incision in the neck to access the esophagus for removal of a foreign body; this represents an open esophagotomy procedure typically performed in an operating room or other surgical suite under appropriate anesthesia and is classified as a surgical service for removal of obstructing or lodged esophageal objects.

    For related coverage guidance, see recent payer policy updates: Surgical Procedures, Outpatient Surgical Procedures - Site of Service, Site of Service Ambulatory Service Center (ASC) Select — Surgical or Diagnostic Procedures in Adults.

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    Clinical & Coding Specifications

    Clinical Context

    A typical patient is an adult who presents to the emergency department after acute ingestion or impaction of a large or sharp foreign body (for example, a large bone fragment or retained denture) causing persistent dysphagia, odynophagia, drooling, airway compromise, or evidence of esophageal perforation on imaging. Initial evaluation includes airway assessment, neck and chest radiographs or CT scan to localize the object and assess for complications, and endoscopic retrieval attempts when feasible. When endoscopic removal is unsuccessful, not possible due to object size/location, or there is concern for perforation or mediastinal contamination, the surgical team proceeds to an open cervical esophagotomy. The procedure is performed in the operating room under general anesthesia with endotracheal intubation; a transverse cervical incision is made to expose the cervical esophagus, the foreign body is removed, the esophagotomy is repaired, and drains may be placed. Postoperative care includes airway and swallow assessment, NPO status with enteral support as indicated, serial imaging if perforation was suspected, antibiotics for contamination, and monitoring for complications such as leak, infection, or recurrent obstruction.

    Related CPT Codes

    CPT CodeDescriptionRelationship to This Procedure
    43248Esophagoscopy, flexible, transoral; with removal of foreign bodyEndoscopic attempt to remove an esophageal foreign body is commonly performed before proceeding to open cervical esophagotomy (43020).
    43249Esophagoscopy, flexible, transoral; with foreign body removal, requiring anesthesia other than topical pharyngeal anesthesiaAn alternative endoscopic service when deeper anesthesia is required prior to escalation to open surgery.
    43110Laryngotomy, excision of lesion of larynx; external approachMay be performed when foreign body involves the hypopharynx/larynx and requires external access; related anatomic field.
    32551Tube thoracostomy, includes water seal, when performed (separate procedure)Performed if there is intrathoracic contamination or pneumomediastinum noted pre- or intraoperatively requiring chest drainage after esophageal injury.
    51990Repair of vesicocutaneous fistula; not directly related to esophagus (example only)Data not available in the input.

    Related Modifiers

    10 rows

    ModifierDescriptionWhen to Use
    22Modifier –22 (Increased Procedural Services) is used when a reported procedure is substantially more extensive than normally required. The CPT Manual and CMS state it may be appended only when the…- When to use: Append modifier -22 to a procedural CPT code when the service performed is substantially more extensive than the usual service described by that code — i.e., the procedure required…
    23Modifier -23 (Unusual Anesthesia) is used on anesthesia service CPT codes when a procedure that normally requires no anesthesia or only local anesthesia must be performed under general anesthesia…- Use modifier -23 only on anesthesia CPT codes (00100–01999) when a procedure that normally requires no anesthesia or only local anesthesia must be performed under general anesthesia because of…
    26Modifier 26 (Professional Component) identifies and bills only the professional portion of a split service — the physician’s interpretation, report, and medical judgment — when the technical…- Use CPT Modifier -26 when you are billing only the professional component (PC) of a split‑bill eligible service—i.e., you performed the physician interpretation, medical judgment and prepared a…
    50Modifier –50 (Bilateral Procedure) is appended to a CPT code when an identical procedure is performed on paired anatomical structures during the same operative session. The AMA states to add…- Use modifier -50 when the same CPT surgical, diagnostic, or radiology procedure is performed on paired anatomical structures (both sides of the body) during the same operative/session by the same…
    51Modifier –51 (Multiple Procedures) is used when the same provider performs multiple procedures in the same session to identify secondary, non‑exempt procedures and indicate payment reduction logic…- Use modifier -51 when the same provider performs multiple distinct procedures during the same patient encounter: report the highest‑valued procedure first (no modifier) and append -51 to…
    52Modifier ‑52 (Reduced Services) indicates that a service or procedure was partially reduced or omitted at the provider’s discretion, allowing reporting of the basic procedure number with a qualifier…- Use modifier -52 when a physician or qualified health professional electively reduces or omits part of a procedure or service (for example, performing fewer required views or omitting a portion of…
    53Modifier 53 (Discontinued Procedure) signals that a surgical or diagnostic service was begun by the physician but terminated because of extenuating circumstances that threatened the patient’s…- Use modifier -53 when a physician/qualified healthcare professional has started a surgical or diagnostic procedure (e.g., anesthesia administered, incision or scope insertion) and then discontinues…
    62Modifier 62 indicates that two surgeons function as co‑surgeons, each performing distinct parts of the same primary surgical procedure. It is appended to the primary procedure code (and any…- Use modifier -62 when two surgeons act as co‑surgeons (both primary surgeons) on a single definitive primary procedure, each performing distinct parts of the same surgical procedure (append -62 to…
    78CPT modifier -78 indicates an unplanned, related return to the operating or procedure room by the same provider during the global postoperative period. It is appended when treatment for a…- Use modifier -78 when an unplanned, related complication during the original procedure’s global postoperative period requires the patient to return to a formal operating or procedure room and the…
    79Modifier 79 indicates a surgical procedure performed during the postoperative global period of a prior surgery that is unrelated to the original procedure. Per AMA/CPT and CMS guidance, it is…- Use modifier 79 when the same physician (or same‑specialty physician in the same group) performs a surgical procedure during the postoperative global period of a prior surgery and the new procedure…

    Related Provider Taxonomies

    8 rows

    Taxonomy Code
    207P00000X
    207L00000X
    2080P0205X
    364SX0106X
    364SP0809X
    2083C0008X
    207VH0002X
    213EP1101X

    Related ICD-10-CM Codes

    24 rows

    ICD-10-CM CodeDescription
    J38.2Nodules of vocal cords
    J38.3Other diseases of vocal cords
    J38.6Stenosis of larynx
    K21.9Gastro-esophageal reflux disease without esophagitis
    K22.2Esophageal obstruction
    K25.9Gastric ulcer, unspecified as acute or chronic, without hemorrhage or perforation
    K29.70Gastritis, unspecified, without bleeding
    R07.9Chest pain, unspecified
    R13.10Dysphagia, unspecified
    R13.11Dysphagia, oral phase

    Showing 1–10 of 24

    Related Payer Policy Updates

    Specialty: General Surgery1 / 2

    10 rows

    PolicyPayerEffective Date
    Surgical ProceduresUnitedHealthcare2026-09-01
    Outpatient Surgical Procedures - Site of ServiceUnitedHealthcare2026-09-01
    Site of Service Ambulatory Service Center (ASC) Select — Surgical or Diagnostic Procedures in AdultsPremera Bluecross2026-09-01
    Site of Service Ambulatory Surgical Center (ASC) Select — Surgical or Diagnostic Procedures in AdultsPremera Bluecross2026-09-01
    Site of Service Ambulatory Service Center (ASC) SelectPremera Bluecross2026-09-01
    Site of Service Ambulatory Surgical Center (ASC) Select — Site of Service for Ambulatory Surgical Procedures (ASC Select)Premera Bluecross2026-09-01
    Site of Service Ambulatory Service Center (ASC) SelectPremera Bluecross2026-09-01
    Outpatient Surgical Procedures - Site of Servicesierra health and life2026-08-01
    Medical Necessity Guidelines — Inpatient Surgical CareMass General Brigham Health Plan2026-08-01
    Ambulatory Surgery Center (ASC) - Site of Care PolicyKaiser Permanente2026-08-01

    Related Codes

    CPT-43030-CRICOPHARYNGEAL-MYOTOMY-UPPER-ESOPHAGEAL-SPHINCTER-INCISION

    CPT 43030: Cricopharyngeal Muscle Incision (Cricopharyngeal Myotomy)

    CPT-43045-ESOPHAGEAL-FOREIGN-BODY-REMOVAL-THORACOTOMY

    CPT 43045: Thoracotomy for Esophageal Foreign Body Removal

    Frequently Asked Questions

    References

    1. 1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.Maintains the CPT code set's official descriptions and guidelines, licensed from the American Medical Association, used as the definitional source for CPT codes on this page.
    2. 2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's quarterly release of HCPCS Level II codes and short/long descriptors, the source for HCPCS code definitions and update history.
    3. 3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's complete ICD-10-CM diagnosis code list, used to cross-reference diagnosis codes associated with this procedure or service.
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