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CPT 32491: Resection of Emphysematous Lung Tissue via Sternal or Transthoracic Approach

CPT code 32491 denotes surgical resection of diseased emphysematous lung tissue performed via a sternal split or transthoracic approach. This thoracic surgical procedure is used to remove nonfunctional, hyperinflated lung segments in patients with advanced emphysema or localized disease contributing to respiratory symptoms. Nationally, the code is relevant for hospitals and surgical practices that provide thoracic surgery and for payers managing coverage of advanced pulmonary interventions.

Key payers in this analysis include Aetna, Blue Cross Blue Shield, Cigna Health, UnitedHealthcare, and Medicare. Readers will find a concise outline of clinical context for the procedure, typical sites of service, and the payer landscape relevant to the code. The publication provides benchmarks and utilization context where available, summarizes common billing considerations, and highlights recent policy or coverage developments affecting surgical management of emphysema.

The content is intended to inform coding professionals, revenue cycle staff, and policy analysts about the clinical scope of the code, billing context, and payer coverage considerations at a national level. Data not available in the input is noted where applicable.

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Billing Code Overview

CPT code 32491 describes the surgical removal of diseased emphysematous lung tissue performed through a sternal split or transthoracic approach. This procedure targets emphysematous portions of the lung that are causing respiratory compromise or recurrent complications.

Service type: Surgical resection of emphysematous lung tissue
Typical site of service: Inpatient or outpatient surgical setting with access via sternal split or transthoracic incision (thoracic operating room)

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CPT 32491: Resection of Emphysematous Lung Tissue via Sternal or Transthoracic Approach

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Billing Code Overview

Service type: Surgical resection of emphysematous lung tissue
Typical site of service: Inpatient or outpatient surgical setting with access via sternal split or transthoracic incision (thoracic operating room)

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

A 62-year-old male with long-standing tobacco-related emphysema presents with progressive dyspnea, frequent exacerbations, and hyperinflation on pulmonary function testing despite optimal medical therapy. Imaging (high-resolution CT) demonstrates heterogeneous upper-lobe predominant emphysematous destruction with relatively preserved surrounding lung — anatomy favorable for surgical volume reduction. The thoracic surgery team evaluates perioperative risk, coordinates preoperative pulmonary rehabilitation and optimization, and discusses risks and benefits with the patient. The patient is scheduled for surgical lung volume reduction via open approach through a median sternotomy or transthoracic incision when minimally invasive access is not feasible or when bilateral access is required. Intraoperative steps include general endotracheal anesthesia, single-lung ventilation as tolerated, exposure via sternal split or thoracotomy, surgical resection of emphysematous lung segments (bullectomy/volume reduction), hemostasis, chest tube placement, and closure. Postoperative care includes ventilatory support as needed, chest tube management, pain control, early mobilization, pulmonary toilet, and monitoring for complications such as air leak, pneumonia, bleeding, or respiratory failure. Discharge planning includes outpatient pulmonary follow-up and possible pulmonary rehabilitation continuation.

Coding Specifications

Modifier	Description	When to Use
`00`	No modifier required (placeholder in some payor systems)	Rarely appended; use per payer guidance when a default two-character modifier is required.
`11`	Principal physician of record	Use when the reporting physician is the primary attending of record for the service.
`22`	Increased procedural services	Use when the work, time, and intensity exceed typical for lung volume reduction due to unusual factors.
`23`	Unusual anesthesia required	Use when procedure is performed under general anesthesia that is unusually complicated but anesthesia is not reported separately.
`26`	Professional component	Apply if billing solely for the physician professional component separate from facility charges (rare for operative codes billed by surgeon).
`50`	Bilateral procedure	Use when both lungs are surgically treated and payer recognizes bilateral modifier for this code.
`51`	Multiple procedures	Use when another distinct procedure is performed in the same operative session in addition to the lung volume reduction.
`52`	Reduced services	Use when the service was partially reduced or not completed as planned.
`53`	Discontinued procedure	Use when the procedure was started but discontinued due to extenuating circumstances.
`54`	Surgical care only	Use when another provider bills for pre- and postoperative care and the surgeon bills only the intraoperative service.
`55`	Postoperative management only	Use when billing only for postoperative care by the surgeon.
`62`	Two surgeons	Use when two surgeons work together as primary surgeons performing distinct portions of the procedure.
`80`	Assistant surgeon	Use when an assistant surgeon (not resident) participates and is reported separately.
`AS`	Physician assistant, nurse practitioner, or clinical nurse specialist service	Use when an advanced practice clinician performs or assists per payer rules.

Taxonomy Code	Specialty	Notes
208000000X	Thoracic Surgery	Primary specialty performing open lung volume reduction and complex thoracic resections.
207P00000X	General Surgery	May perform transthoracic approaches in centers where thoracic surgery coverage is by general surgeons.
207R00000X	Pulmonary Disease & Critical Care Medicine	Involved in preoperative evaluation, optimization, and postoperative ICU management.
363A00000X	Anesthesiology	Provides general and thoracic anesthesia, including single-lung ventilation expertise.
363L00000X	Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology	Subspecialty anesthesia for complex thoracic procedures when cardiac/thoracic interactions are notable.

Related Diagnoses

ICD-10 Code	Description	Clinical Relevance
`J43.9`	Emphysema, unspecified	Primary indication for lung volume reduction when emphysematous destruction causes disabling hyperinflation.
`J44.9`	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, unspecified	COPD with predominant emphysema phenotype is commonly associated with consideration for surgical volume reduction.
`J98.4`	Other disorders of lung, not elsewhere classified	May capture complications such as giant bullae or localized destruction when specific codes are not available.
`J98.11`	Acute bronchospasm	Perioperative or coexisting bronchospasm may affect perioperative planning and risk.
`Z87.891`	Personal history of nicotine dependence	Relevant comorbidity impacting surgical risk and postoperative recovery.
`I50.9`	Heart failure, unspecified	Cardiorespiratory comorbidity that affects perioperative risk assessment and candidacy for surgery.
`R06.02`	Shortness of breath	Symptom code frequently documented to justify functional impairment leading to surgical consideration.

Related CPT Codes

CPT Code	Description	Relationship to This Procedure
`32551`	Thoracotomy, with partial lobectomy, with or without mediastinal lymphadenectomy	May be performed when localized emphysematous destruction requires lobar resection rather than non-anatomic volume reduction.
`32600`	Excision of lung, single lobe	Used for formal lobectomy when emphysematous disease or complications necessitate lobar resection.
`32820`	Lung decortication, unilateral	Performed when dense pleural disease/coexisting empyema requires pleural decortication in conjunction with or instead of volume reduction.
`32507`	Thoracoscopy; with diagnostic wedge resection	Minimally invasive alternative for wedge resection or bullectomy in select patients prior to or instead of open approach.
`99024`	Postoperative follow-up visit global period	Used to report significant postoperative follow-up visits during the global period when payers require separate reporting (check payer rules).

CPT 32440: Thoracotomy for Removal of Lung

CPT-32442-PNEUMONECTOMY-WITH-BRONCHOTRACHEAL-ANASTOMOSIS

CPT 32442: Pneumonectomy With Broncho–Tracheal Anastomosis

CPT-32445-RADICAL-PNEUMONECTOMY-WITH-PLEURECTOMY

CPT 32445: Radical Pneumonectomy with Pleural Tumor Resection

CPT-32480-SINGLE-LOBE-LOBECTOMY

CPT 32480: Single-Lobe Lobectomy

CPT-32482-BILOBECTOMY-TWO-LOBE-LUNG-RESECTION

CPT 32482: Removal of Two Lung Lobes (Bilobectomy)

CPT-32484-SEGMENTAL-LUNG-RESECTION

CPT 32484: Segmental Lung Resection

CPT-32486-LUNG-RESECTION-WITH-BRONCHIAL-REPAIR

CPT 32486: Lung Resection with Bronchial Repair

CPT-32488-COMPLETION-PNEUMONECTOMY-REMAINING-LUNG-TISSUE

CPT 32488: Removal of Remaining Lung Tissue After Prior Lobectomy/Segmentectomy

CPT-32501-BRONCHIAL-REPAIR-POST-LOBECTOMY-SEGMENTECTOMY

CPT 32501: Bronchial Repair After Lobectomy or Segmentectomy

CPT-32503-APICAL-LUNG-TUMOR-RESECTION-NO-CHEST-WALL-RECONSTRUCTION

CPT 32503: Apical Lung Tumor Resection Without Chest Wall Reconstruction

Showing 1–10 of 15

References

1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.Maintains the CPT code set's official descriptions and guidelines, licensed from the American Medical Association, used as the definitional source for CPT codes on this page.
2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's quarterly release of HCPCS Level II codes and short/long descriptors, the source for HCPCS code definitions and update history.
3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's complete ICD-10-CM diagnosis code list, used to cross-reference diagnosis codes associated with this procedure or service.

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Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Modifier	Description	When to Use
`00`	No modifier required (placeholder in some payor systems)	Rarely appended; use per payer guidance when a default two-character modifier is required.
`11`	Principal physician of record	Use when the reporting physician is the primary attending of record for the service.
`22`	Increased procedural services	Use when the work, time, and intensity exceed typical for lung volume reduction due to unusual factors.
`23`	Unusual anesthesia required	Use when procedure is performed under general anesthesia that is unusually complicated but anesthesia is not reported separately.
`26`	Professional component	Apply if billing solely for the physician professional component separate from facility charges (rare for operative codes billed by surgeon).
`50`	Bilateral procedure	Use when both lungs are surgically treated and payer recognizes bilateral modifier for this code.
`51`	Multiple procedures	Use when another distinct procedure is performed in the same operative session in addition to the lung volume reduction.
`52`	Reduced services	Use when the service was partially reduced or not completed as planned.
`53`	Discontinued procedure	Use when the procedure was started but discontinued due to extenuating circumstances.
`54`	Surgical care only	Use when another provider bills for pre- and postoperative care and the surgeon bills only the intraoperative service.
`55`	Postoperative management only	Use when billing only for postoperative care by the surgeon.
`62`	Two surgeons	Use when two surgeons work together as primary surgeons performing distinct portions of the procedure.
`80`	Assistant surgeon	Use when an assistant surgeon (not resident) participates and is reported separately.
`AS`	Physician assistant, nurse practitioner, or clinical nurse specialist service	Use when an advanced practice clinician performs or assists per payer rules.

Taxonomy Code	Specialty	Notes
208000000X	Thoracic Surgery	Primary specialty performing open lung volume reduction and complex thoracic resections.
207P00000X	General Surgery	May perform transthoracic approaches in centers where thoracic surgery coverage is by general surgeons.
207R00000X	Pulmonary Disease & Critical Care Medicine	Involved in preoperative evaluation, optimization, and postoperative ICU management.
363A00000X	Anesthesiology	Provides general and thoracic anesthesia, including single-lung ventilation expertise.
363L00000X	Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology	Subspecialty anesthesia for complex thoracic procedures when cardiac/thoracic interactions are notable.

Related Diagnoses

ICD-10 Code	Description	Clinical Relevance
`J43.9`	Emphysema, unspecified	Primary indication for lung volume reduction when emphysematous destruction causes disabling hyperinflation.
`J44.9`	Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, unspecified	COPD with predominant emphysema phenotype is commonly associated with consideration for surgical volume reduction.
`J98.4`	Other disorders of lung, not elsewhere classified	May capture complications such as giant bullae or localized destruction when specific codes are not available.
`J98.11`	Acute bronchospasm	Perioperative or coexisting bronchospasm may affect perioperative planning and risk.
`Z87.891`	Personal history of nicotine dependence	Relevant comorbidity impacting surgical risk and postoperative recovery.
`I50.9`	Heart failure, unspecified	Cardiorespiratory comorbidity that affects perioperative risk assessment and candidacy for surgery.
`R06.02`	Shortness of breath	Symptom code frequently documented to justify functional impairment leading to surgical consideration.

Related CPT Codes

CPT Code	Description	Relationship to This Procedure
`32551`	Thoracotomy, with partial lobectomy, with or without mediastinal lymphadenectomy	May be performed when localized emphysematous destruction requires lobar resection rather than non-anatomic volume reduction.
`32600`	Excision of lung, single lobe	Used for formal lobectomy when emphysematous disease or complications necessitate lobar resection.
`32820`	Lung decortication, unilateral	Performed when dense pleural disease/coexisting empyema requires pleural decortication in conjunction with or instead of volume reduction.
`32507`	Thoracoscopy; with diagnostic wedge resection	Minimally invasive alternative for wedge resection or bullectomy in select patients prior to or instead of open approach.
`99024`	Postoperative follow-up visit global period	Used to report significant postoperative follow-up visits during the global period when payers require separate reporting (check payer rules).

CPT 32440: Thoracotomy for Removal of Lung

CPT-32442-PNEUMONECTOMY-WITH-BRONCHOTRACHEAL-ANASTOMOSIS

CPT 32442: Pneumonectomy With Broncho–Tracheal Anastomosis

CPT-32445-RADICAL-PNEUMONECTOMY-WITH-PLEURECTOMY

CPT 32445: Radical Pneumonectomy with Pleural Tumor Resection

CPT-32480-SINGLE-LOBE-LOBECTOMY

CPT 32480: Single-Lobe Lobectomy

CPT-32482-BILOBECTOMY-TWO-LOBE-LUNG-RESECTION

CPT 32482: Removal of Two Lung Lobes (Bilobectomy)

CPT-32484-SEGMENTAL-LUNG-RESECTION

CPT 32484: Segmental Lung Resection

CPT-32486-LUNG-RESECTION-WITH-BRONCHIAL-REPAIR

CPT 32486: Lung Resection with Bronchial Repair

CPT-32488-COMPLETION-PNEUMONECTOMY-REMAINING-LUNG-TISSUE

CPT 32488: Removal of Remaining Lung Tissue After Prior Lobectomy/Segmentectomy

CPT-32501-BRONCHIAL-REPAIR-POST-LOBECTOMY-SEGMENTECTOMY

CPT 32501: Bronchial Repair After Lobectomy or Segmentectomy

CPT-32503-APICAL-LUNG-TUMOR-RESECTION-NO-CHEST-WALL-RECONSTRUCTION

CPT 32503: Apical Lung Tumor Resection Without Chest Wall Reconstruction

Showing 1–10 of 15

References

1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.Maintains the CPT code set's official descriptions and guidelines, licensed from the American Medical Association, used as the definitional source for CPT codes on this page.
2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's quarterly release of HCPCS Level II codes and short/long descriptors, the source for HCPCS code definitions and update history.
3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's complete ICD-10-CM diagnosis code list, used to cross-reference diagnosis codes associated with this procedure or service.

Published by

Trek Health powers OpenPayer with a leading commercial payer intelligence platform, seamlessly converting fragmented payer data into actionable insights for provider organizations.

OpenPayer

CPT 32491: Resection of Emphysematous Lung Tissue via Sternal or Transthoracic Approach

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Billing Code Overview

OpenPayer

CPT 32491: Resection of Emphysematous Lung Tissue via Sternal or Transthoracic Approach

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Billing Code Overview

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

Related Codes

References

Clinical & Coding Specifications

Clinical Context

Coding Specifications

Related Diagnoses

Related CPT Codes

Related Codes

References