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    v1.0.30
    OpenPayerBilling CodesThermoplasty Procedures on the Trachea and BronchiCPT cpt-31661-radiofrequency-airway-ablation-bronchoscopic
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    CPT 31661: Bronchoscopic Radiofrequency Treatment of Airway Smooth Muscle

    Medicare pays $182 on average nationally for this procedure.

    CPT code 31661 describes bronchoscopic radiofrequency catheter ablation of airway smooth muscle performed in two or more lung lobes (bronchial thermoplasty), a therapeutic bronchoscopic procedure typically performed in an operating room or advanced bronchoscopy suite under sedation or general anesthesia for patients with severe, treatment-refractory asthma.

    For related coverage guidance, see recent payer policy updates: Office-based Laryngeal Procedures, Injectable Dermal Fillers and Bulking Agents (for New Mexico Only), Injectable Dermal Fillers and Bulking Agents (for Kentucky Only).

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    Table of contents

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    Clinical & Coding Specifications

    Clinical Context

    A 48-year-old patient with severe, persistent asthma refractory to maximal medical therapy (inhaled corticosteroids, long-acting bronchodilators, leukotriene modifiers, and biologic therapy) is referred to interventional pulmonology for bronchoscopic bronchial thermoplasty. The patient undergoes pre-procedure evaluation including pulmonary function testing, chest imaging, allergy/atopy assessment, and anesthesia risk assessment. On the day of service, the patient is brought to the bronchoscopy suite or ambulatory surgery center; procedural sedation or general anesthesia is administered per anesthesia and interventional pulmonology protocols. Under bronchoscopic visualization, a radiofrequency catheter is introduced into segmental bronchi of two or more lobes; controlled radiofrequency energy is applied to reduce airway smooth muscle mass. The patient is monitored post-procedure in recovery for respiratory status, given bronchodilator therapy and short course systemic steroids as indicated, and discharged home same day or admitted for overnight observation based on clinical status and institutional protocols. Follow-up visits document response to therapy, complications, and need for additional lobar treatment in subsequent sessions as per the treatment plan.

    Related CPT Codes

    CPT CodeDescriptionRelationship to This Procedure
    31622Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, including fluoroscopic guidance, when performed; diagnostic, with bronchial or endobronchial biopsy(s), single or multiplePerformed prior to or during evaluation to obtain tissue diagnosis or assess airway anatomy; may be part of initial airway assessment.
    31623Bronchoscopy, flexible with bronchial alveolar lavage (BAL)Used for bronchoalveolar lavage to evaluate infection, inflammation, or differential diagnoses before or after thermoplasty.
    31635Bronchoscopy, rigid or flexible, with removal of foreign body, tumor, or other intraluminal obstructionPerformed if concurrent airway obstruction or polypoid lesions require removal before or during bronchial thermoplasty.
    31575Laryngoscopy, flexible; diagnosticMay be performed in pre-procedure airway assessment when upper airway evaluation is necessary.
    94010Spirometry, including graphic record, total and timed vital capacity, expiratory flow rate measurement(s), with interpretation and reportPulmonary function testing commonly obtained pre- and post-procedure to document baseline and therapeutic response.
    94760Noninvasive ear or pulse oximetry for oxygen saturation; single determinationIntra-procedural and post-procedural monitoring of oxygenation during bronchoscopic thermoplasty.

    Related Modifiers

    11 rows

    ModifierDescriptionWhen to Use
    22Modifier –22 (Increased Procedural Services) is used when a reported procedure is substantially more extensive than normally required. The CPT Manual and CMS state it may be appended only when the…- When to use: Append modifier -22 to a procedural CPT code when the service performed is substantially more extensive than the usual service described by that code — i.e., the procedure required…
    23Modifier -23 (Unusual Anesthesia) is used on anesthesia service CPT codes when a procedure that normally requires no anesthesia or only local anesthesia must be performed under general anesthesia…- Use modifier -23 only on anesthesia CPT codes (00100–01999) when a procedure that normally requires no anesthesia or only local anesthesia must be performed under general anesthesia because of…
    50Modifier –50 (Bilateral Procedure) is appended to a CPT code when an identical procedure is performed on paired anatomical structures during the same operative session. The AMA states to add…- Use modifier -50 when the same CPT surgical, diagnostic, or radiology procedure is performed on paired anatomical structures (both sides of the body) during the same operative/session by the same…
    52Modifier ‑52 (Reduced Services) indicates that a service or procedure was partially reduced or omitted at the provider’s discretion, allowing reporting of the basic procedure number with a qualifier…- Use modifier -52 when a physician or qualified health professional electively reduces or omits part of a procedure or service (for example, performing fewer required views or omitting a portion of…
    53Modifier 53 (Discontinued Procedure) signals that a surgical or diagnostic service was begun by the physician but terminated because of extenuating circumstances that threatened the patient’s…- Use modifier -53 when a physician/qualified healthcare professional has started a surgical or diagnostic procedure (e.g., anesthesia administered, incision or scope insertion) and then discontinues…
    62Modifier 62 indicates that two surgeons function as co‑surgeons, each performing distinct parts of the same primary surgical procedure. It is appended to the primary procedure code (and any…- Use modifier -62 when two surgeons act as co‑surgeons (both primary surgeons) on a single definitive primary procedure, each performing distinct parts of the same surgical procedure (append -62 to…
    66Modifier 66 (Surgical Team) is used when three or more surgeons act as primary surgeons on a single, highly complex procedure. The AMA defines it for use when a surgical team — often composed of…- Use modifier 66 when three or more surgeons act as primary surgeons working collaboratively as a surgical team on a single, highly complex or difficult procedure (for example organ…
    78CPT modifier -78 indicates an unplanned, related return to the operating or procedure room by the same provider during the global postoperative period. It is appended when treatment for a…- Use modifier -78 when an unplanned, related complication during the original procedure’s global postoperative period requires the patient to return to a formal operating or procedure room and the…
    80CPT® Modifier 80 (Assistant Surgeon) is appended to a surgical CPT code when a physician (MD or DO) provides full, continuous assistance throughout the operative procedure. It is intended only for…- Use CPT Modifier -80 when a physician (MD or DO) serves as an assistant surgeon and provides full, continuous assistance throughout the entire operative procedure; append -80 to the surgical CPT…
    81Modifier -81 indicates a physician served as a minimal assistant surgeon for part—not all—of an operative procedure. Use when a physician’s assisting role is limited and does not represent full…- Use CPT modifier -81 when a physician acts as a minimum assistant surgeon who assists during only part (a limited portion) of an operative procedure; append -81 to the primary surgical CPT code to…

    Showing 1–10 of 11

    Related Provider Taxonomies

    8 rows

    Taxonomy Code
    2084P0800X
    2080P0208X
    363L00000X
    2278E0002X
    246ZE0500X
    225400000X
    235500000X
    103TE1100X

    Related Payer Policy Updates

    Specialty: Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)1 / 2

    10 rows

    PolicyPayerEffective Date
    Office-based Laryngeal ProceduresPremera Bluecross2026-10-06
    Injectable Dermal Fillers and Bulking Agents (for New Mexico Only)UnitedHealthcare2026-10-01
    Injectable Dermal Fillers and Bulking Agents (for Kentucky Only)UnitedHealthcare2026-10-01
    Hearing Aids and Devices Including Wearable, Bone-Anchored, and Semi-Implantable (for Indiana Only)UnitedHealthcare2026-10-01
    Otoacoustic Emissions Testing (for Oxford Only)UnitedHealthcare2026-10-01
    Injectable Dermal Fillers and Bulking AgentsUnitedHealthcare2026-10-01
    Injectable Dermal Fillers and Bulking AgentsUnitedHealthcare2026-10-01
    Sinus Surgeries and Interventions (for North Carolina Only)UnitedHealthcare2026-10-01
    Injectable Dermal Fillers and Bulking Agents (for Nebraska Only)UnitedHealthcare2026-10-01
    Injectable Dermal Fillers and Bulking Agents (for Kansas Only)UnitedHealthcare2026-10-01

    Related Codes

    CPT-31660-BRONCHOSCOPIC-RADIOFREQUENCY-AIRWAY-ABLATION

    CPT 31660: Bronchoscopic Radiofrequency Airway Treatment

    Frequently Asked Questions

    References

    1. 1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.Maintains the CPT code set's official descriptions and guidelines, licensed from the American Medical Association, used as the definitional source for CPT codes on this page.
    2. 2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's quarterly release of HCPCS Level II codes and short/long descriptors, the source for HCPCS code definitions and update history.
    3. 3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's complete ICD-10-CM diagnosis code list, used to cross-reference diagnosis codes associated with this procedure or service.
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