CPT code 31590 designates a complex reconstructive surgical procedure that resupplies nerves to the larynx using a neuromuscular flap to treat laryngeal and facial paralysis. Nationally, this code captures high-complexity, function-restoring interventions performed by otolaryngology and head and neck surgical teams; accurate coding is important for clinical tracking, quality measurement, and appropriate payment for specialized operative care. Major payers typically involved in coverage for this procedure include Aetna, Blue Cross Blue Shield, Cigna Health, UnitedHealthcare, and Medicare.

This publication provides a concise overview of clinical context and coding implications for CPT code 31590. Readers will find: a clinical summary of the procedure and its role in managing laryngeal and facial nerve dysfunction; payer coverage landscape and common reimbursement considerations; and practical benchmarking and policy context where available. Data not available in the input will be noted. The content is intended for clinicians, coding professionals, and policy analysts seeking a clear national-level summary of the code and its relevance to surgical practice and payer interactions.