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    v1.0.28
    OpenPayerBilling CodesCystourethroscopy With Low-Energy Lithotripsy ProceduresCPT cpt-0991t-endoscopic-bladder-stone-fragmentation-microspheres
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    CPT 0991T: Endoscopic Bladder Lithotripsy with Sound‑Responsive Microspheres

    CPT code 0991T describes an endoscopic procedure in which the provider inserts a scope through the urethra to visualize the bladder, uses imaging guidance, fragments urinary calculi with low-energy sound waves (lithotripsy), and deploys sound‑responsive microspheres to assist stone disruption; service type: endoscopic lithotripsy with adjunctive microsphere therapy; typical site of service: ambulatory surgical center or hospital outpatient department.

    For related coverage guidance, see recent payer policy updates: Salivary Hormone Testing, Bone Turnover Markers Testing, Parathyroid Hormone, Phosphorus, Calcium, and Magnesium Testing.

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    Clinical & Coding Specifications

    Clinical Context

    A 56-year-old male presents with intermittent gross hematuria, urinary frequency, and suprapubic discomfort. Imaging (non-contrast CT) demonstrates a 8 mm bladder calculus and several smaller fragments within the bladder lumen. The urology team schedules a transurethral, image-guided intracorporeal lithotripsy procedure using low-energy therapeutic ultrasound with intravenously administered or intravesically delivered acoustically responsive microspheres to enhance stone fragmentation and clearance (0991T).

    Pre-procedure workflow includes preoperative assessment, informed consent, anesthesia evaluation (general or spinal), and urinary culture with targeted antibiotics if infected. In the operating room, cystoscopy is performed with a urethral scope to visualize the stone. Real-time imaging (fluoroscopy or ultrasound) is used to localize the stones while the provider delivers low-energy sound-wave lithotripsy and releases microspheres to augment stone disruption. Stone fragments are inspected and, if necessary, removed with baskets or evacuated via irrigation. Post-procedure monitoring includes urine output, hematuria assessment, pain control, and instructions for follow-up imaging to confirm fragment clearance and monitor for infection or retention.

    Related CPT Codes

    CPT CodeDescriptionRelationship to This Procedure
    52000Cystourethroscopy, diagnostic, with or without collection of specimen(s) by brushing or washingPerformed before or during to inspect the bladder and identify stones prior to delivering 0991T therapy
    52310Cystourethroscopy, with removal of foreign body or calculus by traction or extractionUsed when stone fragments are manually removed endoscopically after lithotripsy
    50590Lithotripsy, extracorporeal shockwave (ESWL)Alternative, non-endoscopic method for urinary stone fragmentation; contrasts with transurethral, ultrasound-based 0991T
    52005Cystourethroscopy with ureteral catheterization (separate procedure)May be performed if ureteral access or evaluation is needed during stone management
    52287Cystourethroscopy with transurethral fulguration/resection of bladder tumorSometimes performed concurrently if incidental bladder pathology is found, but would require appropriate modifier to indicate separate service

    Related Modifiers

    8 rows

    ModifierDescriptionWhen to Use
    25CPT modifier 25 indicates that on the same day as another procedure or service, the same physician or other qualified health care professional provided a significant, separately identifiable…- When to apply: Use modifier 25 only on an E/M code to indicate the same provider delivered a significant, separately identifiable E/M service on the same day as another procedure or service — i.e.,…
    59Modifier 59 indicates a distinct procedural service when two procedures that are not normally billed together are clinically and procedurally separate. The CPT definition (as reiterated by CMS)…- Use modifier -59 to report a distinct procedural service when documentation supports that the procedure reported is not normally billed together with another service on the same day because of a…
    76Modifier -76, Repeat Procedure or Service by Same Physician or Other Qualified Health Care Professional, is appended when the same provider performs an identical, medically necessary procedure or…- Use modifier -76 when the same physician or other qualified health care professional performs an identical procedure or service a second (or subsequent) time on the same date of service and the…
    77Modifier 77 indicates that a previously performed procedure or service was legitimately repeated by a different physician or other qualified health care professional. The AMA’s CPT definition…- Use modifier 77 when a basic procedure or service already performed is repeated by a different physician or other qualified health care professional (for example, a second provider independently…
    78CPT modifier -78 indicates an unplanned, related return to the operating or procedure room by the same provider during the global postoperative period. It is appended when treatment for a…- Use modifier -78 when an unplanned, related complication during the original procedure’s global postoperative period requires the patient to return to a formal operating or procedure room and the…
    79Modifier 79 indicates a surgical procedure performed during the postoperative global period of a prior surgery that is unrelated to the original procedure. Per AMA/CPT and CMS guidance, it is…- Use modifier 79 when the same physician (or same‑specialty physician in the same group) performs a surgical procedure during the postoperative global period of a prior surgery and the new procedure…
    26Modifier 26 (Professional Component) identifies and bills only the professional portion of a split service — the physician’s interpretation, report, and medical judgment — when the technical…- Use CPT Modifier -26 when you are billing only the professional component (PC) of a split‑bill eligible service—i.e., you performed the physician interpretation, medical judgment and prepared a…
    58Modifier 58 (Staged or related procedure/service by the same physician during the postoperative period) indicates that a subsequent procedure performed by the same provider during the…- Use modifier 58 when the same physician/QHP performs a procedure during the postoperative/global period of an earlier procedure and the subsequent procedure is either planned or anticipated…

    Related Provider Taxonomies

    8 rows

    Taxonomy CodeSpecialtyNotes
    207V00000XObstetrics & Gynecology PhysicianAn obstetrician/gynecologist possesses special knowledge, skills and professional capability in the medical and surgical care of the female reproducti…
    2086S0102XSurgical Critical Care PhysicianA surgeon with expertise in the management of the critically ill and postoperative patient, particularly the trauma victim, who specializes in critica…
    174400000XSpecialistAn individual educated and trained in an applied knowledge discipline used in the performance of work at a level requiring knowledge and skills beyond…
    213E00000XPodiatristA podiatrist is a person qualified by a Doctor of Podiatric Medicine (D.P.M.) degree, licensed by the state, and practicing within the scope of that l…
    363A00000XPhysician AssistantA physician assistant is a person who has successfully completed an accredited education program for physician assistant, is licensed by the state and…
    261QR0405XSubstance Use Disorder Rehabilitation Clinic/CenterAmbulatory Health Care Facilities · Clinic/Center
    225XM0800XMental Health Occupational TherapistOccupational therapists provide treatment for people recovering from a mental or physical illness to regain their independence and stability and to en…
    171000000XMilitary Health Care ProviderActive duty military health care providers not otherwise classified who need to be separately identified for operational, clinical, or administrative …

    Related ICD-10-CM Codes

    27 rows

    ICD-10-CM CodeDescription
    N11.0Nonobstructive reflux-associated chronic pyelonephritis
    N11.1Chronic obstructive pyelonephritis
    N11.9Chronic tubulo-interstitial nephritis, unspecified
    N13.2Hydronephrosis with renal and ureteral calculous obstruction
    N13.6Pyonephrosis
    N20.0Calculus of kidney
    N20.1Calculus of ureter
    N20.2Calculus of kidney with calculus of ureter
    N21.0Calculus in bladder
    N21.1Calculus in urethra

    Showing 1–10 of 27

    Related Payer Policy Updates

    Specialty: Endocrinology1 / 3

    5 rows

    PolicyPayerEffective Date
    Salivary Hormone TestingOscar Health2026-10-01
    Bone Turnover Markers TestingOscar Health2026-10-01
    Parathyroid Hormone, Phosphorus, Calcium, and Magnesium TestingOscar Health2026-10-01
    Testosterone — Coverage Criteria for Measurement and MonitoringOscar Health2026-10-01
    Thyroid Disease TestingOscar Health2026-10-01

    Frequently Asked Questions

    References

    1. 1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.Maintains the CPT code set's official descriptions and guidelines, licensed from the American Medical Association, used as the definitional source for CPT codes on this page.
    2. 2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's quarterly release of HCPCS Level II codes and short/long descriptors, the source for HCPCS code definitions and update history.
    3. 3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's complete ICD-10-CM diagnosis code list, used to cross-reference diagnosis codes associated with this procedure or service.
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