Pulmonary Edema and Respiratory Failure: Inpatient Reimbursement Overview

DRG 189 addresses inpatient episodes for pulmonary edema and respiratory failure, conditions that frequently require advanced respiratory support and intensive care resources. Proper classification in this Diagnosis-Related Group is important for Medicare inpatient reimbursement because it influences payment weightings, resource allocation, and hospital case mix.

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DRG 189 Overview

DRG 189 covers inpatient admissions for pulmonary edema and respiratory failure, including cases requiring varying levels of ventilatory support and oxygenation management. This Diagnosis-Related Group captures high-acuity respiratory conditions that often drive longer lengths of stay, intensive resource utilization, and higher costs. For Medicare payment, classification into DRG 189 affects base reimbursement and adjustments related to comorbidities, procedures, and discharge disposition. Accurate clinical documentation and coding are essential because they determine case mix and payment under the Medicare inpatient prospective payment system.

National Payment Rates

Across commercial payers the reimbursement range for DRG 189 spans from about $370 to $46K, with notable payer medians from $12K (BCBS) up to $22K–$20K for Aetna and Anthem respectively; the widest spread is roughly $46K between the lowest and highest reported values. See the table and chart below for payer-level percentiles and distributions. Blue Cross Blue Shield, Anthem, Cigna, and Aetna are shown individually.

The CMS 2023 data represent national Medicare fee-for-service inpatient payments reported under the CMS Provider Utilization and Payment Data program. The table below shows average total payment ($11.5k), average submitted covered charges ($54.0k), average Medicare payment amount ($9.5k), and total discharges (93.9k).

Average Total Payment	Average Submitted Charges	Average Medicare Payment	Total Discharges
$12K	$54K	$9.5K	94K

Patient Population

The DRG 189 population skews toward Medicare-age adults rather than primarily working-age, reflecting a higher share of patients covered by Medicare compared with commercial payers. Commercial/private payers still represent a meaningful minority of cases, so the overall mix is skewed but mixed. Age distributions therefore tend to concentrate in the Medicare-age range rather than exclusively younger, working-age adults.

State Payment Rates

State: Alaska1 / 49

Alaska Benchmarks

AK payer rates range from $19K (Anthem) up to $30K (Cigna), with BCBS at $13K mean sitting between those endpoints. Cigna’s mean payment in AK is a clear upward deviation from the national Cigna mean, while Anthem’s AK mean matches its national average. See the table and chart below for payer-level distributions and quartiles.

Key Insights for Alaska

Highest payer: Cigna (mean $30K); Lowest payer: Anthem (mean $19K).
Cigna in Alaska pays notably above the national mean for Cigna (~~$20K), while Anthem aligns with the national Anthem mean (~~$19K).

Clinical Trials

Acute respiratory support intervention trials: randomized studies comparing ventilatory strategies (e.g., high-flow nasal oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, and invasive mechanical ventilation protocols) or timing of intubation in patients admitted with acute respiratory failure and pulmonary edema. These trials enroll hospitalized adults with hypoxemic or hypercapnic respiratory failure, often stratified by cardiogenic versus noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, and evaluate short-term physiologic endpoints, duration of mechanical ventilation, and in-hospital complications. Findings directly inform bedside decisions in the critical care window, affecting LOS, resource utilization, and payer costs for this DRG.
Comparative effectiveness and management strategy studies for heart failure–related pulmonary edema: pragmatic trials and observational comparative-effectiveness research evaluating medical management approaches (diuretic strategies, vasoactive support algorithms, and fluid-management protocols) in patients whose respiratory failure is driven by acute decompensated heart failure. These studies focus on typical inpatient populations with cardiogenic pulmonary edema, assessing readmission rates, need for ICU-level care, and markers of decongestion; they help determine which inpatient pathways reduce recurrent hospitalization and downstream expenditures. Payers and hospital administrators use these results to guide care pathways, admission-level decisions, and care coordination that influence DRG costs.
Post-discharge outcomes and transitional care studies: prospective cohort studies and interventions testing transitional care bundles, early outpatient follow-up, remote monitoring, and rehabilitation for survivors of hospitalization for pulmonary edema and respiratory failure. These trials recruit patients discharged after an index hospitalization to evaluate 30- to 90-day readmissions, functional recovery, and health-related quality of life, as well as cost-effectiveness of post-discharge programs. This research is important for reducing readmissions and downstream costs associated with this DRG and for informing payer policies on post-acute services and bundled payment models.

Related Codes

163-MAJOR-CHEST-PROCEDURES-WITH-MCC

Major Chest Procedures with MCC: Inpatient Reimbursement Overview

164-MAJOR-CHEST-PROCEDURES-WITH-CC

Major Chest Procedures with CC: Inpatient Reimbursement Overview

165-MAJOR-CHEST-PROCEDURES-WITHOUT-CC-MCC

Major Chest Procedures without CC/MCC: Inpatient Reimbursement Overview

166-OTHER-RESPIRATORY-SYSTEM-O-R-PROCEDURES-WITH-MCC

Other Respiratory System O.R. Procedures with MCC: Inpatient Reimbursement Overview

167-OTHER-RESPIRATORY-SYSTEM-O-R-PROCEDURES-WITH-CC

Other Respiratory System O.R. Procedures with CC: Inpatient Reimbursement Overview

168-OTHER-RESPIRATORY-SYSTEM-O-R-PROCEDURES-WITHOUT-CC-MCC

Other Respiratory System O.R. Procedures without CC/MCC: Inpatient Reimbursement Overview

173-ULTRASOUND-ACCELERATED-AND-OTHER-THROMBOLYSIS-WITH-PRINCIPAL-DIAGNOSIS-PULMONARY-EMBOLISM

Ultrasound Accelerated and Other Thrombolysis with Principal Diagnosis Pulmonary Embolism: Inpatient Reimbursement Overview

175-PULMONARY-EMBOLISM-WITH-MCC-OR-ACUTE-COR-PULMONALE

Pulmonary Embolism with MCC or Acute Cor Pulmonale: Inpatient Reimbursement Overview

176-PULMONARY-EMBOLISM-WITHOUT-MCC

Pulmonary Embolism without MCC: Inpatient Reimbursement Overview

177-RESPIRATORY-INFECTIONS-AND-INFLAMMATIONS-WITH-MCC

Respiratory Infections and Inflammations with MCC: Inpatient Reimbursement Overview

Showing 1–10 of 40

References

1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.Maintains the CPT code set's official descriptions and guidelines, licensed from the American Medical Association, used as the definitional source for CPT codes on this page.
2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's quarterly release of HCPCS Level II codes and short/long descriptors, the source for HCPCS code definitions and update history.
3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's complete ICD-10-CM diagnosis code list, used to cross-reference diagnosis codes associated with this procedure or service.

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National Payment Rates

Mean Rates by Payer — National — DRG 189

Average Total Payment	Average Submitted Charges	Average Medicare Payment	Total Discharges
$12K	$54K	$9.5K	94K

Patient Population

State Payment Rates

State: Alaska1 / 49

Alaska Benchmarks

Mean Rates by Payer — Alaska — DRG 189

Key Insights for Alaska

Highest payer: Cigna (mean $30K); Lowest payer: Anthem (mean $19K).
Cigna in Alaska pays notably above the national mean for Cigna (~~$20K), while Anthem aligns with the national Anthem mean (~~$19K).

Clinical Trials

Acute respiratory support intervention trials: randomized studies comparing ventilatory strategies (e.g., high-flow nasal oxygen, noninvasive ventilation, and invasive mechanical ventilation protocols) or timing of intubation in patients admitted with acute respiratory failure and pulmonary edema. These trials enroll hospitalized adults with hypoxemic or hypercapnic respiratory failure, often stratified by cardiogenic versus noncardiogenic pulmonary edema, and evaluate short-term physiologic endpoints, duration of mechanical ventilation, and in-hospital complications. Findings directly inform bedside decisions in the critical care window, affecting LOS, resource utilization, and payer costs for this DRG.
Comparative effectiveness and management strategy studies for heart failure–related pulmonary edema: pragmatic trials and observational comparative-effectiveness research evaluating medical management approaches (diuretic strategies, vasoactive support algorithms, and fluid-management protocols) in patients whose respiratory failure is driven by acute decompensated heart failure. These studies focus on typical inpatient populations with cardiogenic pulmonary edema, assessing readmission rates, need for ICU-level care, and markers of decongestion; they help determine which inpatient pathways reduce recurrent hospitalization and downstream expenditures. Payers and hospital administrators use these results to guide care pathways, admission-level decisions, and care coordination that influence DRG costs.
Post-discharge outcomes and transitional care studies: prospective cohort studies and interventions testing transitional care bundles, early outpatient follow-up, remote monitoring, and rehabilitation for survivors of hospitalization for pulmonary edema and respiratory failure. These trials recruit patients discharged after an index hospitalization to evaluate 30- to 90-day readmissions, functional recovery, and health-related quality of life, as well as cost-effectiveness of post-discharge programs. This research is important for reducing readmissions and downstream costs associated with this DRG and for informing payer policies on post-acute services and bundled payment models.

Related Codes

163-MAJOR-CHEST-PROCEDURES-WITH-MCC

Major Chest Procedures with MCC: Inpatient Reimbursement Overview

164-MAJOR-CHEST-PROCEDURES-WITH-CC

Major Chest Procedures with CC: Inpatient Reimbursement Overview

165-MAJOR-CHEST-PROCEDURES-WITHOUT-CC-MCC

Major Chest Procedures without CC/MCC: Inpatient Reimbursement Overview

166-OTHER-RESPIRATORY-SYSTEM-O-R-PROCEDURES-WITH-MCC

Other Respiratory System O.R. Procedures with MCC: Inpatient Reimbursement Overview

167-OTHER-RESPIRATORY-SYSTEM-O-R-PROCEDURES-WITH-CC

Other Respiratory System O.R. Procedures with CC: Inpatient Reimbursement Overview

168-OTHER-RESPIRATORY-SYSTEM-O-R-PROCEDURES-WITHOUT-CC-MCC

Other Respiratory System O.R. Procedures without CC/MCC: Inpatient Reimbursement Overview

173-ULTRASOUND-ACCELERATED-AND-OTHER-THROMBOLYSIS-WITH-PRINCIPAL-DIAGNOSIS-PULMONARY-EMBOLISM

Ultrasound Accelerated and Other Thrombolysis with Principal Diagnosis Pulmonary Embolism: Inpatient Reimbursement Overview

175-PULMONARY-EMBOLISM-WITH-MCC-OR-ACUTE-COR-PULMONALE

Pulmonary Embolism with MCC or Acute Cor Pulmonale: Inpatient Reimbursement Overview

176-PULMONARY-EMBOLISM-WITHOUT-MCC

Pulmonary Embolism without MCC: Inpatient Reimbursement Overview

177-RESPIRATORY-INFECTIONS-AND-INFLAMMATIONS-WITH-MCC

Respiratory Infections and Inflammations with MCC: Inpatient Reimbursement Overview

Showing 1–10 of 40

References

1.CPT® Codes and Descriptions. AAPC. Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.Maintains the CPT code set's official descriptions and guidelines, licensed from the American Medical Association, used as the definitional source for CPT codes on this page.
2.HCPCS Quarterly Update. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's quarterly release of HCPCS Level II codes and short/long descriptors, the source for HCPCS code definitions and update history.
3.ICD-10-CM Full Code List. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS). Retrieved Aug 11, 2026.CMS's complete ICD-10-CM diagnosis code list, used to cross-reference diagnosis codes associated with this procedure or service.

Published by

Trek Health powers OpenPayer with a leading commercial payer intelligence platform, seamlessly converting fragmented payer data into actionable insights for provider organizations.